Economic Development Of Africa And South America - 905 Words

Financial improvement is actualizing new innovations, move from farming based to industry-based economy, and general change in living models. The current improvement circumstance of Africa is dumbfounding. Despite the fact that it is the wealthiest mainland as far as common assets, Africa remains the poorest and the slightest created district of the world., Africa is the last worldwide outskirts that will take after the current developing forces. The economy of Africa of China, India and South America Consists of the exchange, business, farming, and human assets of the continent.the report, simply distributed, says this development has been determined basically by enhanced monetary administration on the mainland and the private part. Africa s financial development coud not have happened without significant change in monetary influence. In any case, Africa s deficient base remains a significant obligation to the mainland s monetary development and improvement.. African as of now contributes only four for every penny of its aggregate GDP in base, contrasted and China s 14 for every penny. Africa s aggregate horrible local item (GDP) arrived at US $953 while the quantity of center wage nations on the mainland rose to 26, out of a sum of 54. Solid monetary development has made real advances into pay neediness. Africa s aggregate terrible local item (GDP) arrived at US $953 while the quantity of center salary nations on the mainland rose to 26, out of a sum of 54.Show MoreRelatedIslam and Continuities1628 Words   |  7 Pageschanges and continuities in the environments of two of the regions of the world from 8000 BCE to present.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Europe  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sub-Saharan Africa  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Middle East  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   East Asia   Ã‚  Ã‚   SE Asia  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     South Asia  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Latin America  Ã‚  Ã‚   North America †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze the changes and continuities in China from the Zhou to the Song. Be sure to address political, social and economic factors as well as outside influences. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trace and analyze the evolution of slavery and serfdom from prehistoric times to theRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 1 /2 – 8000 bce – 600 bce, 600 bce – 600 ce Africa Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. PolytheismRead More slavery in 18th century Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagesalso used slaves. Slaves were brought from Africa to the British American colonies to work in agriculture and farming, which among other factors made the British colonies in America become so strong and prosperous. The slaves of the British American colonies were mainly from African west coast. It is important to note that slavery was present in African communities long before white traders sent African slaves to Europe and America. Slaves in Africa were those tribal people captured in confrontationsRead MoreMultilateral Relations Between Africa And Africa1407 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Africa, once regarded as ‘good for nothing but exploitation’, however, the block has gradually gained modest relations, and aspiring to cultivate a multifaceted partnership with major global political players in all directions from Left-Right, East–West, North-South, and South-South. The two major partners forged their own cooperation are Peoples Republic of China and United States of America and the partnerships they created are known as Sino - Africa relations named ‘Forum on China-AfricaRead MoreMy Presentation On Cultural Development1569 Words   |  7 Pageson Cultural Development Shermaine Cunningham UDC-CC What comes to mind when you think of culture? What do you think of when you hear development? We can associate cultural with different ethnic groups around the world like for instance East Africa. We can associate development with different countries around the world that provides the people with knowledge through technology like for instance Japan, which is a huge developing country. 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The social structure was that the white race was superior to any other race and the black race had to be subordinate to them, slaves were dictated by capitalists (slave owners). Not only was slavery important to the American society but also to the French communities (Robinson, 1984:46) as without ‘slavery and the slave trade there would be no economic basisRead MoreTrade Unions Role within the South African Economy1424 Words   |  6 PagesTrade unions play a significant role within the South African economy and have been active in responding to the fiscal policies of government. COSATU has played an influential role in South Africa since its conception in December 1985, and is aimed at improving their members working conditions and ensuring participa tion in the struggle for peace and democracy. COSATU has provided various proposals regarding changes to the National Budget, aimed at economic growth and job creation support. As a leadingRead MoreOpen and Prosperous Trade with South Africa1442 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction South Africa has enjoyed since the early 90s open and prosperous trade between there international relationships. The ruling party however has been under the spotlight for majority of their duration in power. In the duration of the ruling parties last term there has been many changes; new competitive political parties were formed, service delivery strikes have risen tremendously, youth have lost faith in the government and literacy and education has been criticised globally.Based onRead MoreExamine reasons for changes in pattern of world development1153 Words   |  5 Pagesfor recent changes in patterns of World development. In the 1970’s Africa seemed poised to take off developmentally speaking while S.America and especially Asia were seen with extreme pessimism. Since then patterns have been reversed; Asia led by economies such as India have introduced new nomenclature such as newly and recently industrialising countries while S. America has followed close behind. Today it is Africa or more precisely Sub-Saharran Africa which has stagnated developmentally or

Sacramentality, Mediation, And Communion - 1516 Words

Sacramentality, mediation, and communion – three properties of Catholicism that are central to its understanding. Like Catholicism, these three properties are universal and can be found in the writings of Catholic authors dating back thousands of years ago. From the first written Scriptures found in the Bible to the modern day works of writers like Flannery O’Connor, these three properties can be found portrayed in works of both fiction and nonfiction. However, these properties are not always easy to find for the untrained mind or even to differentiate for those who do have a better understanding. Sacramentality is the notion that all of creation potentially bears the presence of God. Essentially, one experiences the invisible God through the visible world. Mediation goes hand in hand with sacramentality. It occurs when God is not only present in creation but also works through it. Instead of something symbolizing or reminding you of God, it actually speaks to you and brings you closer to Him. The last property of the Catholic Church is communion. Communion is God’s way of reaching us through the communities in which we live. All three of these properties have close ties to each other. Flannery O’Connor portrays all three – sacramentality, mediation, and communion – in her book Mystery and Manners. In the section â€Å"Catholic Novelists and Their Readers,† O’Connor portrays the three properties by describing the duty of a Catholic novelist and what effect their relationshipShow MoreRelatedA Profound Southern American Catholic Novelist, By Flannery O Connor1616 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonists endure a spiritual transformation that leads her characters into enlightenment. O’Connor weaves blatant instances of sacramentality, mediation, communion, mercy, and human dignity into the development of each of her stories. O’Conner revealed sacramentality in thousands of examples throughout her literary marks of genius. In â€Å"Wise Blood,† Hazel’s car exposed sacramentality as a symbol of himself. The car’s beat-up, rugged state and unreliable features mirrored Hazel’s own broken-down spirituality

Influence of Communication Apprehension †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Communication Apprehension. Answer: Introduction: A self-reflection is an important tool for every individual as it helps them in gaining an insight about them, which could be in terms of their skills, their emotions, or any other parameter for which the reflection was undertaken. This self reflection is based on the analysis of my communication skills which would help me in clarifying about the different skills which I have and which I lack. These could be assertiveness perception, active listening or verbal communications. In order to evaluate this, I would use certain diagnostic tools which have been presented to us through the tutorials. By undergoing this reflection, I would be able to improve upon my communication skills and this would be done through chalking out an action plan after conducting the literature review. In order to analyse my communication skills in different situations, I have used five different diagnostic tools. The first tool which was used by me was Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale and this depicts the manner in which the communication competence of the individuals is analysed by themselves, where they are faced with different communication circumstances and where they have a range of receivers (McCroskey McCroskey, 1998). The next tool which I used was Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension and this helps in calculating the feelings of a person towards the communication whereby the person is asked to analyse their diversified communication circumstances, along with the manner in which they would behave, when faced by one (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997). As a third diagnostic tool, I opted for Talkaholic Scale which helps in measuring the compulsive communications and helps in showing the competency of an individual on the basis of their nature of being a talkative one, or not (McCroskey Richmond, 1995). The next diagnostic tool being used for this self reflection was Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report which shows the immediacy of the individual with regards to their communication and shows the positivity of a person where they engage in non-verbal immediate behaviour with others (Richmond, McCroskey Johnson, 2003). The last tool used was the "Willingness to Listen which shows the orientation of a person towards listening, which is another important element when it comes to communication skills of a person (Richmond Hickson, 2001). After undergoing all the requirements of these five diagnostic tools, I was successfully able to analyse my communication style, along with my preferences which were highlighted from these. The first tool, i.e., Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale (SPCC) highlighted that I comfortable with friends and even with acquaintances but I do have a problem while communicating in the meetings. However, it also shows that even though I do not excel in public, but I am also not on the lower end of it. The second diagnostic tool which I used was Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA) which highlighted that I have low intercultural communication apprehensions, which shows that I am very comfortable in dealing with the people from different cultural or ethnic backgrounds. The third diagnostic tool, i.e., Talkaholic Scale depicted that I am not a talkaholic or a talkative person. This shows that I do not face a difficulty in keeping quite where I should and so , I am not a compulsive communicator. In the fourth diagnostic tool, i.e., in Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report (NIS-S), it was highlighted that I use a lot of nonverbal cues and shows that I am positive towards the other people. This shows that I can easily communicate in a non verbal manner with others, which is a difficulty I face when it comes to verbal communications, as highlighted through the first diagnostic tool. The final diagnostic tool, i.e., Willingness to Listen Diagnostic highlighted to me that I have a high willingness to listen to others as I attained a score of over 80. Based on my personal analysis, it becomes clear that I lack the confidence which is required for public speaking and that I overuse the nonverbal cues which can make the other people very awkward around me, particularly when they are not comfortable with such verbal cues. Even though my public speak anxiety lies in the middle range, but it does highlight that when it comes to public speaking, I become very anxious and prefer to even avoid it. This would become particularly problematic where my work requires me to talk to different people and give presentations. Also, an overuse of verbal cues can be taken as annoyance or could end up offending a person with smaller social boundaries and so, I need to learn to control my actions and also avoid overusing them. The reasons why I identified these two communication key issues can be further strengthened by the recent incidents which I had to bear. I am good at giving movie reviews to my friends and one of my friends asked me to give a movie review to his group of friends, as he was given this as an activity from his college. I had prepared a very good presentation and even the answers to the possible questions which can be raised by my friends group. But when I went to this group of strangers, I started mumbling and mixing up words. To make the matters worse, when the questions for which I was prepared to give the perfect answers were thrown at me, I could not even read those in front of this group, from my cue cards. My hands got shaky and cold and I just delivered my presentation somehow. Even my friend was shocked at this. And this shows that I need to work up on my public skills to avoid such situation from happening again. The other problem with my overuse of verbal skills was highlighte d to at a funeral where I was with my family members and close relatives. One of my cousins told me to control my hand gestures as I was being over the top with them, particularly given the situation and the sad environment. This not only made me conscious but also conformed with the diagnostic tool above, which shows that I use the non verbal cues quite often. Public speaking is a very common issue which is faced by not only students but also by the general population. As per North and Rivers (2001) the individuals, when are faced with the public speaking anxiety, more than often face a number of symptoms when dealt with a public speaking situation and this includes discomfort, confusion, sweating, palpitations, muscle tension and even gastrointestinal discomfort. Byrnely, Cross Spanos (1993) had highlighted that around eight five percent of the general population reported some or other level of anxiety when it came to public speaking. In this regard, Rossi and Seiler (1986) shed the light that stage fright and public speaking was something which was being studies and investigated since the middle of 1930s. Public speaking is often linked to the anxiety which one faces, and which denotes the state of apprehension and uneasiness, or a fear which results from the anticipation of something which is deemed as threatening. Scovel (1991) highli ghted that when the anxiety was facilitated, it results in positive effect over the performance of the learners and where the anxiety is too much, it results in poor performance. Speaking is deemed as a difficult task which leads to anxiety as per Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1991) and this is particularly true for the students when they have to speak in class for the anxious students. Such students face difficulty in making a differentiation between the structures and sounds and even in apprehending the meaning of simple words. There have been numerous literatures where it has been identified that there is an emotional predisposition towards public speaking as a reason for anxiety (Beatty, 1988; Beatty, Balfantz Kuwabara, 1989). Dunbar, Brooks and Miller (2006) highlighted that communication skills were a necessary part of the students to be successful in not only their college life but also at their work places. Woodrow (2006) identified two kinds of anxiety reactions, the first one was the psychological reasons and the second one was cognitive reaction. In the first kind, the body reacts, for instance, high heart rate, stammering or fidgeting. And in the se cond one, the brain reactions are increased, for instance, thinking irrelevant thoughts or such thoughts which are self-depreciating. The thoughts of an anxious person, shows negative thoughts, which leads to the person having a high level of anxiety. Jones (2004) highlighted that there was a need to facilitate this anxiety by helping the anxious person in learning the manner in which that particular hurdle could be overcome. So, once the job gets done, he identified, that the anxiety ended. Where the person is able to push them, for doing the task which they are anxious about, it could result in helping them in tackling their anxiety. Ohata (2005) identified that these facilitating effects would motivate the learners and would depend upon their perceptions and attitudes. Ohata also identified communication apprehension as a form of anxiety where the speaker forms a negative self perception which leads to their anxious behaviour. Woodrow (2006) based her study on inferring the anxiety in the oral communications. She identified that people would get butterflies in their stomach before speaking in public, or before giving a formal presentation and thus, there was a need to learn the manner in which the audience can be addressed with out fearing for something which might never happen, and even if it happens, would not have a devastating impact, as is being feared upon by the speaker. Marinho, Medeiros, Gama and Teixeira (2017) highlighted through their research that public speaking competence was a must for the business life and that this was a major element for the professional life of an individual to be successful, as fluent communication skills helps in establishing creditability. Similar results were attained in the research of Russ (2012) where they stated that with good communication skills, the interpersonal workplace relationships were enhanced with the staff, which included the key managerial personnel. Hence, the literature associated with public speaking clearly shows the need for harnessing this skill, if a person wants to succeed in their college life, and even in their future business life. Pease and Pease (2004) stated that the majority of researches agreed on the fact that the words are only used to convey the information and for negotiations, the body language is used. The non verbal communication shows what goes on in ones mind. So, a movement of hand shows the real feelings of an individual. For instance, if a person taps his table on the table, it shows that the person is waiting for something. Gamble and Gamble (2013) viewed that nonverbal communications were the actions done by human, which includes their appearances, space, smell, time, sound and even the use of objects. These can also be used to clarify the words or to make them change their meaning, for instance by winking at the end of a sentence. Butland (2012) identified the nonverbal communications as being complex, with different meanings. So one person could perceive a certain thing from an action, and the other one can perceive something else. Navarro and Kartins (2009) highlighted that at times the people are not even aware that they are communicating in a nonverbal manner and is done unconsciously. Gamble and Gamble (2013) also stated that these are even used to show displeasure when the deep emotions are not expressed through words. A slumped over posture and a scowl on your face can suggest that you are unhappy wile your clinched fist and tense muscles can communicate just how unhappy you might be. And so, in order to save from another person judging the first one, there is a need for the first person to learn and control the nonverbal communications, as there can be situation where the person speaks something but their gestures portrays something else, thus creating a conflict in the other persons mind, and resultin g in an un-surety and a lack of confidence towards the first person. Once these two communications had been prepared, I had to develop an action plan for the next six months, so that I could take the requisite steps towards overcoming the issues highlighted above. The first one in this regard is that I need to maintain a personal journal where I would track down whatever I did each day for the next six months. This would help me throwing a light on how I behaved and the progress I made after taking steps towards improving upon my public skills and the misuse of nonverbal skills. This journal would also help in pinpointing the issues which I am still facing and the things which I need to work upon for the future, particularly in my work life. I would also take up regular interaction with strangers and each week, I would try to interact with a minimum of one stranger and talk to them for five minutes. This would help me in getting over my communication apprehensions. I am also going to ask a person for being my mentor, so that they can oversee my progre ss on monthly basis. In this regard, I would ask (insert subject teacher name) to be my mentor for the next six months as (he) teaches communication skills and can best help me in this matter. I would also undertake a habit of writing a memo every week for the first two months, based on a book I read related to improving my shortfalls. In the last two months, I would communicate with my mentor to give a chance to speak before a crowd in the university itself, on weekly basis so that I could address my fears. Also, I would be attending the cultural fest being organized by my relative next month, where I would get a chance to interact with a number of people and would try to control my nonverbal communications on one hand, and would be working on improving upon my verbal communications without being anxious. The success of this would be measured by my friend (insert name of friend) and my (father/ mother) who would analyse my communications and give me feedback on whether there has been an improvement from the present day. These activities have been effectively chalked out through the use of Gantt chart, covering the action plan which I would follow for the next six months. Gantt Chart depicting Action Plan Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-17 Journal Memo Mentor Presenting before crowd Cultural Fest Weekly interaction with strangers The best manner of evaluating my overall progress, after the completion of six months, I would ask my fellow classmates to give me feedback, along with the other subject teachers and the guidance counsellors as they are in the best situation to give me the feedback. Apart from this feedback, I would also request them to give me the suggestions and the shortfalls which they think are still present, and which I may have failed in analysing here, so that I could improve upon these, not just to have a better corporate future, but also to have a personal growth. References Beatty, M. J., Balfantz, G. L., Kuwabara, A. Y. (1989). Trait-like qualities of selected variables assumed to be transient causes of performance state anxiety. Communication Education, 38, 277-289. Beatty, M.J., Friedland, M. H. (1990). Public speaking state anxiety as a function of selected situational and predispositional variables. Communication Education, 39, 142-147. Burnley, M., Cross, P., Spanos, N. (1993). The effects of stress inoculation training and skills training on the treatment of speech anxiety. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 12, 355-366. Butland, M. (2012). Achieving Communication Competence: An Introduction to Human Communication. Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. Dunbar, N., Brooks, C. Kubica-Miller, T. (2006). Oral Communication Skills in Higher Eduation: Using a Performance-Based Evaluation Rubric to Assess Communication Skills. Inovative Higher Education, 31(2). Gamble, T.K., Gamble, M.W. (2013). Interpersonal Communication: Building Connections Together. London: Sage Publishing. Horwitz, E. K., M. B. Horwitz and J. A. Cope (1991). "Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety" in E. K. Horwitz and D. J. Young, Language Anxiety, 27-39. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jones J.F. (2004). A Cultural Context for Language Anxiety. EA (English Australia), 21(2), 30-39 Marinho, A. C. F, Mesquita de Medeiros, A., Gama A. C. C, Teixeira, L. C. (2017). Fear of public speaking: perception of college students and correlates. Journal of Voice, 31(1), 127.e7127.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012 McCroskey, J. C., McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5, 108-11. McCroskey, J.C., Richmond, V.P .(1995). Correlates of compulsive communication: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Communication Quarterly, 43, 39-52. Navarro, J., Kartins, M. (2009). What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agents Guide to Speed-Reading People. New York: Harper Collins. Neuliep, J. W., McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports, 14, 385-398. North, M., Rives, J. (2001). Virtual reality therapy in aid of public speaking. International Journal of Virtual Reality, 3, 2-7. Ohata K. (2005). Language Anxiety From the Teachers Perspective: Interviews With Seven Experienced ESL/EFL Teachers. Journal of Language and Learning, 3(1), 133-155 Pease, B., Pease, A. (2004). The Definitive Book of Body Language. New York: Bantam. Richmond, V. P., Hickson, M. III. (2001). Going public: A practical guide to public talk. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Richmond, V. P., McCroskey, J. C., Johnson, A. D. (2003). Development of the nonverbal immediacy scale (NIS): Measures of self- and other-perceived nonverbal immediacy. Communication Quarterly, 51, 502-515. Rossi, A., Seiler, W. (1989). The comparative effectiveness of systematic desensitization and an integrative approach in treating public speaking anxiety: a literature review and a preliminary investigation. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 49-66. Russ, T. L. (2013). The Influence of Communication Apprehension on Superiors' Propensity for and Practice of Participative Decision Making. Communication Quarterly, 61(3), 335- 348. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2013.776989 Scovel, T. (1991). "The Effect of Affect on Foreign Language Learning: A Review of the Anxiety Research" in E. K. Horwitz and D. J. Young, Language Anxiety, 101-108. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328.

Leadership and Change Management of Woolsworth †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Change Management of Woolsworth. Answer: Research Methodology The three major types of research philosophies used for conducting a research are positivism, realism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy allows the researcher to conduct the research based on the quantifiable observation that eventually helps in statistical analysis of the data (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). Realism philosophy provides an opportunity of continuous researching due to the fact that scientific methods can be imperfect at times. Interpretivism philosophy deals with observations using a particular philosophy of studying the concepts of individuals rather than scientific methods (Yanow Schwartz-Shea, 2015). In the case of this research, the researcher has used positivism philosophy as this provided an opportunity of using factual knowledge and testing of the research aim and objectives in a scientific and statistical manner. Therefore, this will help in evaluating the changes and impact of the leadership skills of Woolsworth CEO on the organisation due to continuous changes in the environment. Research Approach Deductive and inductive are the two most widely used research approaches used by researchers while conducting the research. As commented by Clapham et al., (2012), the concept of deductive approach highlights deducing observations and conclusions based on the previously existing concepts and literatures. This helps in achieving the research aim and objectives by supporting from existing literatures. On the contrary, in the case of inductive approach, new theories and concepts are developed based on the observations of the research. As a result, the researcher emphasises more on observations rather than research questions. In this case, the researcher has used a deductive approach as this is most suitable for positivism philosophy. Moreover, the use of deductive approach has also provided an opportunity to test the role of leadership of the Woolsworth CEO and support the observation with previously existing concepts and literatures. Research Design Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory are the three widely used research designs while conducting a research. Explanatory design emphasises more on explaining the reasons of the phenomenon along with the predictions of future occurrences. As mentioned by Creswell (2013), exploratory design evaluates the issues, hypothesis testing and clarifying different concepts related to the topic. However, in the case of descriptive design, a detailed analysis and descriptive study is conducted including both exploratory and explanatory designs. In the case of this current research, descriptive design has been used as this provides an opportunity to clarify the aim and objective of the topic. This will also allow understanding the challenges faced by the Woolsworth CEO while implementing the leadership styles within the organisation. Data Collection Method The two main types of data collection methods are primary and secondary data collection methods. Secondary data collection includes information collected from books and journals. On the contrary, primary data is collected by both qualitative and quantitative methods (Sullivan-Bolyai, Bova Singh, 2012). In this case, qualitative data collection methods have been used in order to understand the impact of leadership on the organisations and its effect due to continuous environmental changes. Sampling Method Probability and non-probability are the two sampling methods used in the case of researches. As mentioned by Cohen, Manion Morrison (2013), probability sampling is the method of sampling that selects the participants randomly. This provides an equal opportunity for the participants to be selected. On the contrary, in the case of non-probability, the participants have no idea of being selected. The participants are selected arbitrarily. In this case, probability sampling technique has been used as Woolsworth CEO are chosen to understand the impact of leadership. Research Strategy There are different types of research strategies that are generally selected based on the kind of research. The different types of research strategies are case study, action research, survey and interviews. In this case, interview has been selected as the research strategy as this has provided an opportunity of developing a deeper understanding of the impact of change in leadership that ultimately helped Woolsworth in gaining competitive advantage in Australian market. Ethical Consideration Ethical considerations have to be followed while conducting a research. According to the ethical considerations, the participants have to participate willingly rather than forcefully to be a part of the research. Moreover, the identity of the participants has to be kept confidential and cannot be disclosed without their consent (Ritchie et al., 2013). Leadership traits: The CEO of Woolworths is responsible for the implementation of both short-term and long-term plans of the company. Woolworths CEO has unveiled his long-term strategies for the food and liquor department with the motive of restoring sales growth up to 4%. While in case of short-term strategies, Woolworths CEO had suggested implementation of a new SAP system so that the reduced sales in the food department due to changes in the Chinese import laws could be solved. The CEO of Woolworths expects the implementation of the new SAP system shall assist in reducing the out-of-stock levels. Woolworths CEO focuses on fixing the basic issues such as high turnover of employees and the out-of-stock levels. The major change brought by Woolworths CEO was implementation of gender equaliy. According to Woolworths CEO, gender equality shall be ensured only with pay equalities. Woolworths had approximately 16000 employees who work full time and the gender pay gap was around 0.5% which the CEO wanted to eradicate. This was necessary to equalise the pay of the women working in Woolworths. Woolworths also aimed at increasing the number of indigenous employees. Woolworths CEO aimed at having the percentage of indigenous staff equivalent to the percentage of indigenous people in the Australian population. The CEO aimed at having 3500 indigenous members in the team. The major aim of including the indigenous staff is to increase the retention rate of the employees. Woolworths CEO also aimed at reducing the food wastes in the operations by associating with charity organizations and providing food to the homeless. This defines the leadership qualities of the Woolworths CEO (Du et al., 2013). Contingency model of leadership: The Fiedlers contingency model of leadership effectiveness lays stress on the relationship between leadership and the performance of the organization. According to the contingency theory, it becomes necessary to assess the leader according to the traits and situations faced by the leader in order to ensure group effectiveness. Considering the need, a least preferred co-worker (LPC) scale was developed and the leaders were asked about the person least likely to work with. The effectiveness of leadership is determined by the leadership style and the favourableness of the situation. Leadership challenges faced by Woolworths: The following are the leadership challenges faced by the company: Supermarket: Woolworths is required to increase its sales and redefine the perception around prices. The sales of the supermarket has witnessed a downfall while Coles sales increased considerably. The earnings of Woolworths collapsed due to the need of cutting down the prices in order to win back the customers. The investors have also been waiting since a long time to witness improvement in the conditions of the company. Therefore, a great challenge lies for the CEO of Woolworths to restore the sales of the supermarket. Restoring market confidence: The CEO of Woolworths faces the biggest challenge of restoring the lost market confidence of the supermarket as it faces tough competition from its competitors. A great responsibility lies with the CEO of Woolworths to rectify the wrong past blunders of themanagement in terms of public relations and ad-hoc strategies. Replacement: The major leadership challenge for the CEO of Woolworths is to find out his own replacement who will be able to manage the company efficiently. Make the business competitive again: The challenge lies with the CEO of Woolworths to make the company competitive again as it used to be the supermarket giant in the past (Maak, Pless Voegtlin, 2016). Conclusion: Therefore, the leadership style to be adopted must be of a collaborator. Equal emphasis must be laid on the task as well as the people. High expectations must be set and the area of concern must be the results. The leader must engage the employees in the decision-making processes to make them feel wanted and important in the organization. The major focus should be on win-win solutions so that Woolworths is able to restore its position within a short span of time. The win-win solution emphasizes on finding a solution that is accepted by both the parties involved. In such a situation, both the parties are the winners and they feel satisfied as they are mutually benefitted from the decision (Gnzel-Jensen et al., 2017). The leader must encourage responsibility in the organization so that the members work as a team in the establishment of the objectives of the organization and achieving common goals. Improvement in the performance of the employees enhances the efficiency of the CEO. This enhancement has the capability of bringing development in the leadership skills of Woolworth CEO. This development has deep correlation with the tag of great man, which enhances the individuality of the CEO (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013). Therefore, it can be concluded that a good leadership style and behaviour can bring massive changes in the overall profitability of an organization. References Baskerville, R. L., Wood-Harper, A. T. (2016). A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Clapham, M., Nevin, O. T., Ramsey, A. D., Rosell, F. (2012). A hypothetico-deductive approach to assessing the social function of chemical signalling in a non-territorial solitary carnivore.PloS one,7(4), e35404. Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2013).Research methods in education. Routledge. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Du, S., Swaen, V., Lindgreen, A., Sen, S. (2013). The roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,114(1), 155-169. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Gnzel-Jensen, F., Hansen, J. R., Jakobsen, M. L. F., Wulff, J. (2017). A Two-Pronged Approach? Combined Leadership Styles and Innovative Behavior.International Journal of Public Administration, 1-14. Maak, T., Pless, N. M., Voegtlin, C. (2016). Business Statesman or Shareholder Advocate? CEO Responsible Leadership Styles and the Micro?Foundations of Political CSR.Journal ofManagement Studies,53(3), 463-493. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Sullivan-Bolyai, S., Bova, C., Singh, M. D. (2012). Data-collection methods.Nursing Research in Canada: Methods, Critical Appraisal, and Utilization, 287. Yanow, D., Schwartz-Shea, P. (2015).Interpretation and method: Empirical research methods and the interpretive turn. Routledge.

The History Of Radio Essays - Broadcast Engineering,

The History of Radio In 1844, Samuel Morse successfully demonstrated an invention known as the telegraph. The telegraph, which Morse invented in 1832, consisted of a current charged wire, location points (A and B), and a current breaker, which could be used to send dashes and dots. These dashes and dots could be successfully understood at the other end of the cable, thus introducing the world to Morse code. Thirty-two years later, a man by the name of Alexander Graham Bell introduced a device that would come to be known as the telephone. With Graham's device, people could actually talk to each other by using a series of connecting lines placed between the sender and receiver. At the time, the United States wanted to use this as a means for communications at sea. The only problem was that there was not a wireless form in existence. In 1897 everything changed. An Italian inventor named Guglielmo Marconi, developed the first ?wireless? system and patented it in Great Britain. In 1899, a steam ship was equipped with Marconi's device and used it to transmit the results of a yacht race back to the shore. The beginning of a new era in mass communications was beginning. As the dreams of transmitting speech and live concerts to secondary locations grew, a man by the name of Reginald Fessenden (?flyboy? Regi F to his peep's?not really but I though that might help break up the monotony of reading twenty papers over the same subject) stepped in with his application of a continuos wave super imposed on another wave created by sound. In 1905, a man by the name of Lee de Forest developed a radio vacuum tube that he called the Audion. The Audion was inspired by the invention of a glass bulb detector that had been created a few years earlier by John Fleming. This enabled the telephone to receive and amplify sound and was a key element in the development of radio broadcasting. In order to gain publicity for his ventures, de Forest spent a night on top of the Eiffel Tower broadcasting music, which was received by people up to 500 miles away. De Forest used radio as a medium to educate and uplift his audience by broadcasting opera's and broadcasting the presidential returns in 1916. By 1917, there were close to nine thousand radio transmitters in the United States. When the U.S. declared war on Germany, transmitters were either shut down, or taken over by the armed forces. With the First World War, came advances in the industry. The Allies convinced all the companies to work together in establishing interchangeable parts. Over the course of the War, the Navy continued to communicate with America's armed forces and in 1918, even broadcast President Wilson's appeal for peace to the citizens of Germany. The Navy became worried by the end of the war that Marconi's British company might be in the position to take over control of world communications. In an effort to pre-empt Marconi, Navy officials and General Electric president Owen Young formed the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919. The government then turned over all of the American Marconi stations that had been seized by the Navy during the war, to RCA. With the support of AT&T and General Electric, RCA would soon dominate communications in and out of America. By the 1920's, radio had become more than just a means for ship to shore communication. Stations began to pop up all over the country and corporate America, along with the public, began to take notice. Westinghouse began manufacturing and selling radio units. As an incentive to buy the units, programming was developed. AT&T was not pleased. They believed that under the RCA agreement, they were the only one's who could set up radio stations. In their view, radio stations were nothing short of over sized telephone booths that could be used to communicate over long geographical distances. In order to keep people listening in the interim, they began having people on the air to play music or to sing. In 1922, AT&T was approached by a developer who wanted to build Hawthorne Estates. His proposal was to pay AT&T money to talk about the

Classroom Management Essay Example

Classroom Management Essay Example Classroom Management Essay Classroom Management Essay The books and other reading supplies will be placed in a well lit quiet area so that the children will have peace and quiet when they are doing these activities and also be able to see what they are reading. The childrens personal belongings such as jackets and back packs will be placed in a closet for them when they enter into the classroom. So they will not be in the way when the children are walking around to avoid them tripping, and also during activity time so there is nothing to distract them from learning. The school supplies will be placed in each childs desk so they will be accessible at any time of the day. The walls and bulletin boards will be validly decorated with different types of learning guides Just In case the children need to look at them for a quick reference. The computers If there are any or other types of electronic devices the children may need help with powering on or activating will be place close by the teachers desk so the teacher can get back and forth to these items without distracting any of the other students by walking across the classroom, and so the coacher will be able to guide the children during these activities. Each item will be neatly placed so that is will be visible at all times. In motivating the students it is the teachers duty to make sure that they stay on task. It is good for the teacher to interact with the child so that they will know that they can always ask for help with the things that they dont quite understand. Also, the teacher should let them know when they are doing a good Job, and to encourage them to do better when they are not doing such a good Job. This could be accomplished by Glenn the child Incentives and always having an open communication with the children. Sometimes by just telling the kids they are doing a good job will keep them motivated and wanting to do well. When disciplining the children taking a step by step process would probably be the best answer for a classroom of younger children. Things such as pulling strips would be effective if you have some type of key set up for the process. Using colors or number would be a great way for the kids to get a general of how the whole thing works. Such as pulling one strip is Just a warning, pulling two strips is alone time, time out, or some other type of reflection time for the children. Pulling three strips can be a call home, and four could be getting sent to the principal or higher authority and letting them deal with the problem. Another thing that would be effective Is letting them know they types of things that will absolutely not be tolerated such as fighting, profanity, and classroom disruption and letting them know that these things will have instant disciplinary action taken. I nee teaching style Tanat ten well De uses well De Dates on ten constructivist tenure. This will allow the children to interact during activities and lessons, opposed to sitting down in a controlled environment where the teacher stands in front of the class and Just talks and talks and lets them take notes. This will help the children stay alert and also keep them interested in whats going on. Using different activities such as group discussions, partner activities, games, and even crafts will help keep them wanting to do more, instead of being bored and falling asleep during instruction mime. In conclusion, when the children are giving the freedom to have learning time where they are actually part of whats going on opposed to the behaviorism theory where the teacher is in total control of the classroom and everything else that goes on in it. It seems to be more enjoyable. The children get to interact more and have some control of what going on around them while they are learning. In doing so the children are happier and want to learn more and more because they are having so much fun that they sometimes forget that they are even learning at all.

Hospitality Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Hospitality Operations Management - Essay Example In this regard we have selected tourism as our topic. In our report we would also highlight the reason why we have selected tourism as our core hospitality feature. In our study we will use secondary sources to gather our data and based on the gathered data we will reach our conclusions. Hospitality industry is a well-researched topic, and we have plenty of credible sources which can assist us in better research of the discussion questions. We will start with a brief introduction of hospitality industry and the vast services that are a part of it; further we will also give a brief introduction of tourism industry. After the introduction we will discuss and analyze our core topic and would elaborate on few of the main influential decision in the business development process for the tourism industry and how they can be eliminated to achieve the desired optimal results. We will further substantiate our discussion question with examples of various geographical regions. Once we have elaborated on the issues and discussed the solutions we would conclude our topic with the research analysis and findings. Hospitality industry is field of service industry and includes a large range of customer services such as event management, transportation, tourism and many others. The core concept behind hospitality industry is customer service which is shared by all the sub-segments of the industry. The three core categories of hospitality industry are food and beverages; this is the biggest segment of the industry and takes into account food places from the most expansive to the least (Reynolds, 2014). These also include the sub-chains which are open as facilitation to other units i.e. shopping plaza. The second part of the hospitality industry is accommodation; these include hotels, and other places offering lodging facility. These are the facilities provided by different lodging units. The third and final category of hospitality industry is travel and tourism. These

Community law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Community law - Essay Example For analyzing how the principle of indirect effect effectively bridges the gap between the vertical and the horizontal direct effects, the requirements for the applicability of the direct and indirect effects have to be considered. Direct effect is of two types, namely Vertical Direct effect or Individual versus the State and the Horizontal Direct effect, wherein the litigation is between Individuals. The concept of direct effect follows from the supremacy of European Law as formulated by the ECJ. This implies that if an EC Law has direct effect then such law grants rights to individuals, which must be upheld by the national courts. For any EC Law to have direct effect, it must satisfy two conditions. First, the relevant EC Law must be part of the recognized legal order, i.e., it must be a treaty article, a regulation or a directive. Secondly, the terms of the relevant EC Law must be such as are appropriate to confer rights on individuals. Directives have vertical Direct effect only if they have clarity, precision, unconditionality in as much as they fulfil the Van Gend criteria, independence in operation and its date of implementation should have been over and the person or body against whom the directive is pleaded must be public body1 or an emanation of the state2. This has created a duty to try to interpret national law consistently with EC Law, whether or not is has Direct effect. This is the underlying principle of the indirect effect, which establishes the supremacy of EC Law.The doctrine of direct effect enables national courts to apply EC Law. Uniformity is preserved through the preliminary reference procedure using which the national courts refer to the European Court of Justice for interpretation of EC Law. The ECJ is the sole authority for interpreting the various treaties of the EC. However, this dual court system is not conducive to a single uniform interpretational application of EC Law. Treaty Articles should be so worded that they have direct effect. They must further fulfil the Van Gend En Loos criterion and should have both the vertical as well as the horizontal direct effect. This criterion states that the EC Treaty should be applicable not only to the member states but to the individuals also. EC Treaty Articles will overrule any provision of the national law, which does not conform to it, irrespective of whether it was passed before or after the passing of the articles. Similarly, regulations of the EC Treaty are capable of having vertical and horizontal direct effect. Direct applicability of these regulations is enabled by Article 249 of the consolidated version of the European Treaties. These have to be enforced by the national courts. As such limitations were imposed on the doctrine of direct effect in order to ensure that national courts did not face difficulty in implementing community law. For the application of the principle of direct effect the conditions discussed above in respect of the directives, articles and regulations of the treaty should be complied with. Whenever these conditions can not be fulfilled and the direct effect in not applicable, the principle of indirect effect will take over and the implementation of EC Law through the national courts is ensured.In the case Marshall v. Southampton Area Health Authority3 (1986) the European Court of Justice ruled that the relevant Directive had direct effect as it satisfied the four requirements of direct effect. It contended that Marshall could rely upon this to proceed legally against the State. It was also held that the Health Authority, which was Marshall's employer, was part and parcel of the State as it performed a public function on behalf of the State. This case is an example of the horizontal direct effect and in this case the health authority was considered to be an emanation of the state. In the case of Foster v. British Gas the Marshall principle was extended and the European Court of Justice ruled that the Directive had direct effect even against the private British Gas. This decision was

Critique of Kristen Lynch's Presentation Assignment

Critique of Kristen Lynch's Presentation - Assignment Example The non-Western style selected was Confucianism. This was much clearer and more complete than the Western style portion of the presentation. The connection between theory and practice was covered but only broadly, covering understanding needs, motivation, and learning style, but without explaining specifically how the non-Western style chosen fit into practice. The concluding statements cover only a small portion of the content of the presentation. Overall, in fact, a lack of detail was the greatest issue with this presentation. While brevity is generally to be praised in presentations, this particular presentation is overly simplified. In addition, the presenter does not mention the references in-text. The references section is also too short; the entire presentation is apparently based off of only two sources. The greatest strength of this presentation is in its ease of readability for the audience. The slides are well-designed, with good contrast and large text size. The amount of information on each slide is kept to a minimum, allowing the speaker to hold the audiences attention instead of the text. However, the concluding statements lose this quality, switching instead to full sentences that in one case even overlaps the edge of the

Looking At Brain Tumors Psychology Essay

Looking At Brain Tumors Psychology Essay Brain tumors are a very harmful diagnoses that can completely change a persons everyday lifestyle. It could change their lifestyle because, the symptoms that come with brain tumors. Also, it can cause personality changes and certain types of body reactions. This illness has a major effect to the patient and can also effect the family. How the brain tumor occurs is when abnormal growth of cells that are forming together. When the cells form together then it can cause a mass of tumor. There are many different types of brain tumors that exist; about 120 types that can affect a human being. Primary and secondary brain tumors can be either malignant or benign. They are also classified in different types of grades, from one to four. They rate the grades from lowest risk to highest risk, one being low risk and four being a higher risk. People that are affected by this diagnosis can cause visual, speech, and hearing change, memory problems, balance and walking problems, etc. When being diagn osis with brain tumor, there are treatments that can help fighting off the disease. The treatments depend on the type of the tumor, but it usually involves with radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. Brain tumors are a very difficult process that can change everything about a person, or it could even be life threatening to them. The way tumors develop is when cells grow old, have damage, or die off, the body is supposed to form new cells to replace them. Brain Tumors Page Number: 2 During this process certain problems can occur and the body doesnt need the new cells, also the old and damaged cells dont die off when they should be. When this happens the cells will build up forming a mass of tumor, also called the growth of tumors (-oma, tumor) and (oncoma, mass tumor). A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue growing in any part of the brain. Brain cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner and forms these tumors. These tumors can arise from any part of the brain, spinal cord or the nerves. Broadly these tumors can be divided into benign and malignant tumors (Thakur, Gahane, Bhadoriya, Jain S., Jain R., Mishra). Malignant can form cancer that can spread throughout the body, while benign doesnt form any type of cancer or even spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors has a border edge that the cells barley invade the tissue surrounding them. The possibility for benign to spread to other parts of the body is very slim. The only cause of serious health issue is when the tumor presses on sensitive areas of the brain. A benign tumor can be removed, but they can also grow back. Sometimes a benign tumor can change into a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor can also be called brain cancer. Malignant is way more serious than benign and can also be life threatening. When a malignant tumor is forming it can rapidly grow causing damage to healthy brain tissues. Unlike benign, malignant can break away and spread to other parts of the body. The main parts would be the spinal cord or even other parts in the brain. Brain Tumors Page Number: 3 When dealing with tumors, there are different types of grades that they fall into. The grades are classified from 1 through 4, lowest risk to the highest risk. Grade 1 is normally a benign tumor that grows slowly. A grade 2 is a malignant tumor that has cells that look very different from the grade 1 cells. The third grade is also a malignant tumor that usually anaplastic abnormal cells. The final Grade is a malignant tissue that is in its worst condition. Grade 4 malignant tend to grow very fast when it occurs. Using these terms and definitions will help physicians diagnose people with these types of health problems. When diagnosing, physicians can tell a brain tumor by the way the cells look under a microscope. Brain tumors are often diagnosed on the basis of imaging and processing methods. Generically, the imaging of brain tumors aim to determine the localization, extend, type and malignancy of the pathology (Cruz-Barbosa Vellido). Imaging evaluation includes computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that complement each other and describe the tumor location, local extension, compression in the neighborhood structures, superjacent hydrocephalus. Position emission tomography can differentiate recurrent tumor necrosis postoperative scarring or post-therapy edema (Clobanu, Miron, Tansanu, Dumitrescu Indrei). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a common data acquisition technique for Brain Tumors Page Number: 4 this task (Cruz-Barbosa Velliod). These procedures can help the physicians tell that there is a mass of tumor in the brain. It can also show what part of the brain the tumor is occurring and, what kind of tumor it may be. Following the symptoms will help physicians know if their patient is occurring a brain tumor. Usually, the symptoms depend on their type, size, aggressiveness, and the location the tumor is in the brain. There are many different types of symptoms for certain types of tumors. The most common symptoms for brain tumor would usually be headaches, memory problems, numbness or tingling in certain parts of the body like the legs or arms. Other symptoms are walking and balancing problems, vomiting, seizures, personality change, and can also affect their vision, speech, and hearing. After many tests were taken to figure out the cause of brain tumors, there were no evidences that could support the exact cause. Even though there are no evidences for the exact cause, brain tumors can occur at any age. There are certain types of tumors that fall into the children and adult categories. In the field of brain tumors there are over 120 types of brain tumors that occur in different size and location o f the brain. In oncology, this typically involves differentiating between tumor types and grades, or some type of discrete outcome prediction (Cruz-Barbosa Vellido). Some types of brain tumors that differ from one Brain Tumors Page Number: 5 another are Ependymomas, Optic Neuroma (adults), Pituitary Tumor, Craniopharyngioma, Pediatric Brain Tumor, Astrocytoma (adults), Rhabiod Tumor, Meningioma (adults), Brain Stem Glioma, etc. In adults, the most common types of brain tumors would be Astrocytoma, Meningoma, and also Oligodendroglioma. In adults about half of all CNS tumors are malignant, whereas in pediatric patients; more than 75% are malignant (Khoshnevisan). The most common tumors in children would be Ependyoma, Medulloblastoma, grade 1 or 2 Astrocytoma, and also Brain Stem Glioma. When a person is diagnosed with a certain type of brain tumor then this will help them go to the next step, which is treatment. Treatments are the first thing to do when a person is diagnosed. Just like symptoms, treatment also depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor. Treatment also depends on the age and health of the patient. When treating for brain tumors, they usually go straight to removal surgery (-ectomy), that surgically removes the tumor from the brain. If this procedure is not successful then they go to the next step which is radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (chemo-, drug, -therapy, treatment), which means drug treatment. For example, in chemotherapy there is a drug to fight off brain tumors that can go through the Blood-brain barriers (BBB). Major obstacles for brain tumor treatment including the structure of BBB and efflux transporters, and the efforts that have been used to circumvent BBB Brain Tumors Page Number: 6 and deliver drugs in the brain. In brain tumors, the delivery of anticancer drug is difficult due to presence of the BBB, which acts as physical and physiologic obstacles for delivery of drugs to the brain. Also, cancer chemotherapy is useful for a variety of brain tumors including Lymphomas, Medulloblastomas, Germ Cell Tumors, and Gliomas (Thakur, Gahane, Bhadoriya, Jain S., Jain R., Mishra). Due to the treatments, they always form a high or low risk factor. One of the risk factors a patient can go through is ionizing radiation because, of the high doses of x-rays. Ionizing radiation it directly to the head and a high dose of x-rays increases the risk for affecting the patient. No matter what are always risks when treating a illness. This diagnosis is very important to me because it relates to my little niece. Her name is Cassandra, she is 15 right now and I love her more than anything in the world. We didnt find out that she had a brain tumor until she was 3 years old. The type of brain tumor she has is Craniopharyngioma, which is a benign tumor that develops near the pituitary gland. When the pituitary gland hormone is damaged it imbalances and leads to excessive thirst, excessive urination, and stunt growth. This type of brain tumor can also damage the optic nerves that can cause visual problems, and have a possibility to increase after surgery. We were very heart broken when our family found out that my niece had a brain tumor. The first thing they tried Brain Tumors Page Number: 6 to do was removal surgery, which was not a success. Removal surgery did not work because they could only take some parts of the tumor out. If they do the procedure and took the whole tumor out, then she would be completely blind. They tried many ways to remove this tumor without the risk factor of becoming blind but they just couldnt do it. When they removed some of the brain tumor, it caused her to be blind in her left eye. She is much smaller than her normal group age, so the brain tumor did affect her stunt growth. After knowing this, we knew that her tumor would just keep growing for the rest of her life. Every time the tumor grows, she has to go to surgery and only take some of the brain tumor out. To help fight off the brain tumor from growing she takes chemotherapy. My niece went through so many surgeries throughout her life that we just couldnt keep count of them anymore. It hurts me that my niece has to go through hell every time her tumor grows back. She went through so muc h surgery that she had to wear helmets to protect the part where the skull was removed. Also, they went through her skull so much that they cant do surgery there anymore. They tried do the procedure in other ways like the nostril but her nose was too small. Her last surgery was probably 5 to 6 months ago, so eventually her tumor will be growing back soon. To keep her positive and everyone else position every year we go to the Ride for Kids, which is when hundreds of people come together with their motorcycles and ride for the kids that have brain tumors. We always ride on the motorcycles at Brain Tumors Page Number: 7 the event and at the end; we do a fundraiser to help find a way to overcome this disease. My niece is doing a lot better now that she is older, she is going to Rome Free Academy, and she is in variety cheerleading for RFA. I know my niece has been through a lot but no matter what our family will always be by her side. From my personal experiences, brains tumors can affect the patient emotionally and physically and can also emotionally affect the family. Brain tumors can be very harmful and can ruin everything from health to personalities, and daily routines. If nothing went wrong when the body forms new cells or removes the old and damaged cells, then it would not cause a mass of tumor. Brain tumors can physically affect a person by different types of symptoms. Identify the tumor and the type of tumor can help many patients take care of this disease. Most of the time removal surgery will solve the problem but, if not the health care field tries to find other ways to destroy certain types of brain tumors. It all depends on what type of brain tumor it is, the size, and the location the tumor is occurring. When being diagnosis with brain tumors there are many obstacles that you have to go through in order to stop the tumor from increasing. There are many difficult processes and effects that can take toll on a person with this illness. This certain type of disease can be life threatening Brain Tumors Page Number: 8 and, can a change a persons all around life. Work Cited Ciobanu, A., Miron, I., Tansanu, I. I., Dumitrescu, G., Indrei, A.(2011). PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMORS MORPHOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS.Romanian Journal Of Functional Clinical, Macro- Microscopical Anatomy Of Anthropology /Revista Romà ¢na De Anatomie Functionala Si Clinica, Macro Si Microscopica Si De Antropologie, 10(4), 499-503. CRUZ-BARBOSA, R., VELLIDO, A. (2011). SEMI-SUPERVISED ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BRAIN TUMOURS FROM PARTIALLY LABELED MRS INFORMATION, USING MANIFOLD LEARNING MODELS. International Journal Of Neural Systems, 21(1), 17-29. Khoshnevisan, A. (2012). An overview of therapeutic approaches to brain tumor stem cells.Medical Journal Of The Islamic Republic Of Iran, 26(1), 31-40. Thakur, A., Gahane, A., Bhadoriya, S., Jain, S., Jain, R., Mishra, H. (2011). Major hurdles for brain tumour therapy and the ways to overcome them: A review. Journal Of Pharmacy Research, 4(5), 1315-1318.

We Must Fight Eating Disorders and Low Self-esteem Essay -- media and

Some people observe negative images of themselves whilst gazing back in the mirror because of subliminal advertising, mental health, and unconscious habits. The individuals staring back from the mirror at them are not real. Often times society disregards reality that no one possesses the perfect body because everyone is unique. Unfortunately, people who experience body dissatisfaction have a hard time grasping this concept of everyone being unique; consequently, they participate in life threatening problematic solutions to achieve their desired body. Eating disorders are abnormal eating habits because of the preoccupation with food and weight management (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2005). People with eating disorders have compulsions with the need to be ultra thin involving excessive or insufficient food intakes that become detrimental to an individual's physical, social and emotional health. Though eating disorders were rare until the early twentieth century, they certainly existed beforehand in the twelfth century. Eating disorders in the twelfth century have many similarities and differences of eating disorders today. Between the twelfth and thirteen centuries eating disorders originated from Catherine of Siena, who started a massive fast and cut her hair in order to make a statement. Through her lifestyle change she made a statement that Christ should be the center of one's life and cutting off her hair was a protest against â€Å"being overly encouraged to improve appearance in order to attract a husband† (Deans, 2011). Who knew fasting would evolve from a religious practice meant to stimulate a covenant relationship with the Lord, into a life threatening practice to lose weight. For instance, in the 1800s eating disorders began af... ...rstanding eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating (2008). U.S national library of medicine. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/spring08/articles/spring08pg17-19.html Verplanken, B., & Velsvik, R.. Habitual negative body image thinking as psychological risk factor in adolescents . ScienceDirect.com | Search through over 11 million science, health, medical journal full text articles and books. Retrieved October 15, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1740144507001180#bib30?np=y doi:10.1016.2007.11.001 What can you do to help prevent eating disorders? | What can you do to help prevent eating disorders? | National Eating Disorders Association. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/what-can-you-do-help-prevent-eating-disorders

Gender stereotypes

Gender stereotypes refer to the characterisation of groups based on their basic gender attribute as male or female. The gender-based stereotypes are the simplified evaluations of male and female groups that are shared by the community, a culture, a society. The evaluations usually encompass the attributes of physical capability, psychological state, personality, interests and behaviour. (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008) These attributions could be based on fact that such as the differences in the physiological and hormonal characteristics of males and females. However, the evaluations may be overstated. The other attribute evaluations may not be supported by evidence. (Myers, 2008) The nature and source of stereotypes lead to two implications. One implication is on the positive or negative impact of gender stereotypes. Women as emotional and men as rational could be positive when considered as strengths but these stereotypes could also be negative when used to discriminate or exclude in the workplace and in other situations. The other implications is the non-predictive value of these stereotypes over the individual attributes of members of the group. While women are stereotyped as emotional and men are stereotyped as rational, these are not necessarily the core attributes of all females or males. Nevertheless, gender stereotypes are pervasive in different cultures and form part of day-to-day lives. As such, gender stereotypes form during the growing up years (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008). Acquired gender stereotypes develop alongside gender roles, influence gender roles and are reinforced by gender roles. Understanding the factors that foster the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles provide the key areas in influencing the development or in changing the stereotypes and gender roles developed during childhood. Children going through the developmental stages are exposed to different factors that influence their development of gender stereotypes and gender roles. Two of the most pervasive influences on the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children are parental influence and media influence. The earliest exposure of children to the meaning of gender and gender differences is from parents. During the development stage, children look up to their parents in developing perceptions, beliefs and attitudes towards various aspects including gender characteristics and roles. (Erkes & Trautner, 2000) Gender socialisation is one concept that explains parental influence on the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children. Gender socialisation is the process that facilitates interactive learning of certain behaviours considered as acceptable for males and females based on social-cultural beliefs and values (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008; Myers, 2008). The different expectations for males and females build stereotypes that are reinforced by how these are exacted from children by their parents, The attitudes of parents towards their children, in terms of the encouragement of gendered activities and interests, influence the development of gender stereotypes and roles (Eckes & Trautner, 2000). One manifestation of parental attitudes towards gender is differentiation through colours and patterns (Cunningham, 2001). As early as the pregnancy, the baby’s room is designed and furnished according to the expected gender of the baby. When babies are born, parents buy things such as clothes and other items depending on the gender of their child. Typically, pink is the colour for female babies and blue for male babies. Floral and other similar patterns are bought for girls while cars and truck prints are designated for boys. Dolls are typically for girls and cars or trains for boys. These attitudes and behaviours of parents communicate differences between males and females together with expectations on the concurrent attitudes and behaviour of their male or female children. Another manifestation of parental influence is the chores assumed by parents and assigned to their children (Cunningham, 2001). Usually, girls have more chores inside the household. Mothers usually obtain help from daughters. Sons are also assigned chores but these commonly pertain to work such as lifting or other manual work. These gendered attitudes and behaviours of parents exert influence during socialisation with their children who are receptive to the explicit and implicit messages communicated to them (Eckes & Trautner, 2000) As they become aware of gender differences, they also develop male and female stereotypes. Concurrently, they also start to assume gender roles. Parental influence during the development stages is the key to the development of gender identity. Gender stereotypes and roles acquired during childhood are likely to be retained in the long-term. Parental identification is another concept that explains parental influence as a factor contributing to the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children. Parental identification is the process of internalising he attributes of parents and the unconscious repetition of the perceptions, attitudes and behaviour of parents by children (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008). Male children internalise the observed characteristics of their fathers and female children internalise the attributes of their mothers. The gender stereotypes shared and exhibited by parents and the gender roles assumed by the parents constitute signals of the attributes of males and females. Socio-economic background influence the extent of gendered attributes of par ents. Apart from an expected higher educational level for families with higher incomes, gender stereotypes and gender roles is linked to economic status. In developing countries with high poverty rates, gender stereotyping and gender roles are strong. Male preference is tied to expectations of bigger income. Manual work, which is the predominant work, is delegated to males. Domestic chores are assigned to females. In developed countries, female children tend to have lesser restrictions in terms of expected roles. Nevertheless, other factors such as educational attainment of parents determine the gendered attributes observed from parents. Parental influence contributes to the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles in children through the processes of gender socialisation and parental identification with children becoming aware of gender differences through the attitudes and behaviours of parents. The media refers to a wide range of venues including television, gaming consoles, mobile phones, and the Internet. Exposure of children to media has increased over the past five years. A recent survey showed that half of the children under the ages of 5-7 have televisions inside their rooms that they can use anytime without parental supervision. Households with a gaming console have also risen from 67 to 85 percent. Children in this age group also increasingly own personal mobile phones. Every one in five children between 5-7 years old can access the Internet in their homes without supervision from their parents. These support the strong influence of media on children during the development years. There are benefits and downsides to the exposure of children to media. The benefits include reinforcement and support for academic learning. The Internet has become a virtual encyclopaedia for children. Another benefit is social learning. However, the benefits are not absolute and largely depend on the type of media content exposure (Villani, 2001). The downside is the adverse influences on perceptions, attitudes, personality and behaviour from the media content and lack of parental supervision to medicate media influence. Media has an influence on the development needs of young children depending on the media content and the internalisation of this content. Gender stereotyping and gender roles are developmental areas strongly affected by media. Gender socialisation also occurs through media influence. Gender socialisation through media refers to the interaction between children and media content presented in various venues (Hogg & Vaughan, 2008; Myers, 2008). The nature of interaction involves the expression of messages pertaining to gender by media content and mode of delivery. Children internalise these messages to influence their development of ideas on gender, which together with their experiences, affect the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles. Movies and television shows comprise a media more popularly accessible to children. When media portray gendered messages aligns with their actual experiences, then media becomes a reinforcement of their awareness of gendered meanings. If media portrayal differs from their experiences, then other influences such as peers and the school become mediating factors in the development of perceptions about gender. The role of parental supervision is the key to how children internalise gendered messages from movies and television shows. Games are mostly role playing games with players selecting their characters, In the case of games designed for children, gender distinctions emerge from the creation of characters with physical attributes reflecting beauty for girl characters and strength for boy characters (Villani, 2001). The characters usually have clear-cut gender delineations with male characters with muscled physique and female characters with curvaceous physique. The characters in games influence gender stereotypes by providing models of expected physical and psychological attributes of boys and girls. These influence the development of identity and assumption of roles of children. Advertisements express gender categorisation. In a study of advertisements targeting children in the United States and Australia, there is a common trend towards gender stereotyping. The portrayal of boys or the message of advertisements for products intended for boys express aggressiveness, mental dominance, active lifestyle and keenness in operating instruments. The advertisement targeting girls express physical attributes and embellishments. (Browne, 1998) Exposure to gendered advertisements also influences the awareness of children of gender differences and expectations. Gender role identification and categorisation also explain how media contributes to the development of gender stereotyping and gender roles in children. Gender role identification pertains to the association with a gender by an individual. Gender categorisation refers to the classification of attributes for males and females. Hogg & Vaughan, 2008;Myers, 2008) During the development years, children internalise media influences in categorising attributes. Their awareness of gender then leads them to identify with the attributes and role expectations of their gender. The extent of influence of media on the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles depends on the extent of exposure of children and the mediating role of parental supervision or intervention together wit h other influences. Parental influence and media influence are two factors that contribute to the development of gender stereotyping and gender roles in children. Gender socialisation and identification explain the influence on children. As strong influences, it is also through these factors that negative gender stereotypes and gender roles can be changed. Parents exercise authority and moral ascendancy over their children and children look up towards their parents for guidance or models during the development years. Parents should recognise their role in guiding the perspectives, attitudes and behaviour of children towards gender and gender identity development. There is need for parents to become conscious of destructive gender stereotypes and gender roles and proactively make changes, The interaction between various forms of media and children is increasing in frequency. While there are more gender sensitive and androgynous media content, children need parental supervision in internalising media content, especially since children are exposed not only to media intended for them but also to media intended for adults.

Drug trafficking essayEssay Writing Service

Drug trafficking essayEssay Writing Service Drug trafficking essay Drug trafficking essayDrug trafficking is one of the most serious problems for most countries all over the world. Unfortunately, this type of business is rather profitable, if not to consider that it is constantly related to murders, kidnapping, prostitution and other crimes. Certainly drug trafficking contributes to better distribution of drugs, thus involving more and more people, making them addicted. Taking into consideration all the possible dangers, drugs are able to bring to any society, most countries are working constantly in order to prevent use and distribution of drugs which are not legal. The rage of responsibility varies in different countries, from fines and several years in prison to death punishment in China for example. Generally, â€Å"drug trafficking† means production, distribution and sale of illegal drugs. (Syal, 2009, p. 2). In this paper we are going to stop at some historical information, related to drugs and drug trafficking, the effects drug traffic king has upon people and societies, we will use some concrete examples of illegal drugs and finally discuss possible ways of limiting distribution of drugs or banning it on the basis of the Obama’s National Drug Control Strategy.Historically, it is possible to talk about appearance of illegal drug trade around the beginning of the 19th century. â€Å"China retaliated by enforcing the ban on imports of opium that led to the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and Qing dynasty China† (Berridge, 1981, p. 5). The highest authorities in China struggled against free sales of opium, whereas United Kingdom pushed China to let the merchants from China bring opium without any bans. However the volumes of opium trade continued to grow, because smoking opium turned into a habit among usual people. No wonder that the number of opium addicts grew immensely in the 19th century. The Second Opium War took place in 1856, the result of the two wars was that â€Å"th e British Crown, via the treaties of Nanking and Tianjin, took large sums of money from the Chinese government through this illegal trade, which were referred to as reparations† (Berridge, 1981, p. 10).In the year 1868, the government of the UK took the decision to restrict sale of opium in the Pharmacy Act. In 1914 Harrison Act followed in the United States. Thus, it is clear, that even taking into consideration the fact, that opium sale brought good profits, sooner or later, governments had to restrict and take under control illegal drugs, in order not to worsen the situation with addicted people.Further, it is necessary to study the effects of the illegal drug trade upon usual people, as well as societies in generally, in detail. This is evident, that those countries, where drugs transit and distribution was widely developed, had to face the problems with drug addicted individuals.Most researches confirm the fact that illegal drug trade is closely related to crimes’ rate, namely such violent crimes, as murders. In this case we are unfortunately talking not only about developing, but about developed countries as well. For example, â€Å"In the late 1990s in the United States the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that 5% of murders were drug-related† (Berridge, 1981, p 3).The UK government’s surveys also underlined, that because of high cost of the illegal drugs and strong addiction, people are likely to commit serious crimes, including robberies, burglaries, murders and so on. â€Å"The cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to  £16 billion a year in the UK† (Epstein, 1989, p. 13). The fact, that drugs were illegal, unfortunately could not restrict the actual sale and distribution, on the contrary this field of criminal activity was able to bring such high profits and the system was so well-built, that drugs became integrated into the American culture. â€Å"This high price is caused by a combination of factors that include the potential legal ramifications that exist for suppliers of illicit drugs and their high demand. (Limited supply can be caused by a range of factors) (Epstein, 1989, p.14).There appeared certain layers of society, where the high cost could not be an obstacle and drugs were used as a type of recreational activity. Irrespective of constant attempts to seize control over this problem by the authorities, it is still remaining actual for the USA as well as other countries all over the world. The 1940s brought prohibition of opiates, the 1960s – of marijuana and the 1970s – of heroin, however cocaine and other drugs continued to arrive to the U.S. through the Mexican border. â€Å"An estimated $10 billion of the Mexican drug cartel’s profits come from the United States, not only supplying the Mexican drug cartels with the profit necessary for survival, but also furthering Americans’ economic dependence on drug s.† (Epstein, 1989, p 16). The results were that first of all the number of drug-addicted people constantly grew and secondly, illegal drugs’ trade proved to be a business of very high profits and in fact a lot of businessmen invested exactly into this industry.Demographic was also in a way under influence of illegal drugs. Starting from the 1960s a lot of immigrants arrived to America and the diversity of public was evident. As several decades pasted, more and more criminal records, related to murders and other criminal acts on the basis of drug addiction, were created. Certainly the situation was different in different cities, however generally it really caused a great concern. â€Å"An example of this could be seen in Miami, a city with a host of ethnic enclaves.[44] Between 1985 and 1995, the homicide rate in Miami was one of the highest in the nation and rated four times the national homicide average† (Epstein, 1989, p. 22). The decades between 1960s and 198 0s also revealed the effects of drug trade upon the baby boomer generation. The demand for marijuana and other drugs was getting higher and higher during this period, resulting in its turn in increase of criminal cases, including suicide, murders, substance abuse. Thus, the insufficient control and restriction of illegal drugs had really serious impact upon individuals as well as societies in general.Political impact, which illegal drug trade had, could not be underestimated as well. The above-mentioned generation of the baby boomers was used to confront laws on various issues, including illegal drugs. The government was taking specific steps in order to restrict drug trafficking and trade, but with poor results. Marijuana was imported from the Latin America, whereas cocaine was received from Mexico and Colombia. â€Å"Due to the influence of this development on the U.S. economy, the Reagan Administration began certifying countries for their attempts at controlling drug trafficking † (Syal, 2009, p. 10). During the 1980s America pushed more for restriction of drug transit. The result was that more drugs arrived from Mexico: in the beginning of the 1990s – these were around 50 % of cocaine and by the middle of the 1990s – the percentage increased up to 90 %. Some researches state that between the years 1996 and 2000 the total consumption of cocaine on the territory of the U.S. decreased by 11 %.The Merida Initiative was a state program, which was initiated in 2008, with the major aim to stop drug trafficking from Mexico. The financial assistance from America, along with possibility to buy the necessary equipment was supposed to produce their positive effect. Unfortunately, the drug trade continued. Thus it is evident, that illegal drug trade has its impact upon internal political situation in any country as well as upon international relations in general.Cannabis is one of the most popular drugs, the legalization of which till the moment rem ains a rather controversial issue. Most countries all over the world defined this drug as an illegal one. There are countries, as Canada for example, which made cannabis legal for recreational use, with restriction of its import and distribution. In the year 2014 Uruguay considered legalization of cultivation and sale of cannabis for adult individuals with recreational purposes. In the Netherlands possession and licensed sale of cannabis are not prohibited, however cultivation of the drug is against the law.Heroin is another wide-spread illegal drug, initially cultivated in the Golden Triangle – Southeast Asia. In addition, opiate was transported from Afghanistan and Mexico. â€Å"According to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, the price of heroin is typically valued 8 to 10 times that of cocaine on American streets, making it a high-profit substance for smugglers and dealers† (Syal, 2009, p. 10). The price of heroin, which is up to 10 times higher than that of cocaine, guarantees dealers and distributors good profits. High costs also contribute to easier transportation, as small doses are easier to hide. One the other hand, penalties for smuggling and heroin sale are rather serious in most countries, including life sentence or even death sentences.Methamphetamine is also rather popular under such names as â€Å"ice†, â€Å"meth†. It is often produced at some rolling meth labs, which makes it rather difficult to detect. This drug is very dangerous due to its injectable form, which might be the source of such infections as HIV or hepatitis C. Usually it is inhaled through some kind of tube.Temazepam, another example of wide-spread illegal drugs, is â€Å"a strong hypnotic benzodiazepine, is illicitly manufactured in clandestine laboratories to supply the increasingly high demand for the hypnotic drug internationally (Syal, 2009, p. 8). Eastern Europe is the place of concentration of such labs. In the United Kingdom t emazepam belongs to legal drugs and is very often abused. In Sweden it was banned after numerous deaths caused by the drug.Thus in this section we have briefly studied some examples of the widely –spread illegal drugs, countries of their origin and application, possible negative effects and risks of the most famous illegal drugs.It is evident, that the problems of drug abuse, drug distribution and drug trafficking need complex solutions from the authorities. A lot of politic leaders and government representatives contributed their efforts into solving of the illegal drugs problems. President Obama is not an exception, in May 2010 he released the National Drug Control Strategy. â€Å"The press release states that the report establishes five-year goals for reducing drug use and its consequences through a balanced policy of prevention, treatment, enforcement, and international cooperation (Syal, 2009, p. 13). This Strategy suggests five-year goals aiming at reduction of drug ab use, namely:â€Å" Reduce the rate of youth drug use by 15 percent; Decrease drug use among young adults by 10 percent; Reduce the number of chronic drug users by 15 percent; Reduce the incidence of drug-induced deaths by 15 percent; and Reduce the prevalence of drugged driving by 10 percent† (Syal, 2009, p. 13).The three main challenges, described in this strategy include prevention of drug use, of driving under drug impact and prescription drug abuse. A separate place in the strategy is devoted to the problem of recovery of the people, who already became addicted and need urgent and concrete help. Addiction is not the final sentence, there are many case, where the situation might be returned under control with the help of special community addiction centers, development of new medications and so on.Overall, in this paper we have studied the notion of drug trafficking, its historical development and various approaches, applied in different countries towards this problem; we have pointed out some concrete spheres of illegal drug abuse influences, including political, social spheres; we have listed the most popular and wide-spread drugs, their major qualities, places of cultivation and ways of transportation and distribution. All this information is vitally important for understanding the necessity of better international along with internal control of illegal drugs and their trafficking, as well as possible means and strategies, which would positively contribute to restriction and control of drug trafficking for the sake of future healthy generations.

LOWER THAN SHIT! Professor Ramos Blog

LOWER THAN SHIT! The bus driver yells, â€Å"keep your heads down and close your eyes.† I can feel us getting closer to the chaos. I hear kids crying and shaking, because we are scared. We are scared of what is going to be on the other side of that bus door when it swings open. It is not the fact of where we are going, but the fact that the unknowing is what drives the stake to our hearts. The bus stops and in runs a drill instructor screaming, â€Å"GET THE FUCK OFF,† We all yell back, â€Å"I sir!† The drill instructor looks back at all of us and says, â€Å"do I look like a sir?† I thought to myself, oh great not even a minute into it and we have already messed up. â€Å"I rush off the bus and take my spot on the yellow foot prints, trying not to mess up again, and three drill instructors swarm a kid too slow to get there. I hear them yelling at the kid, spit flying, the kid has no idea how to respond so he yells, â€Å"I Sir† over and over again until the drill instructors are satisfied and finally gives the poor kid a break. I think to myself, â€Å"how am I goanna survive this? 0600 (6:00am) its time wake up get dressed and make our bed in the squad bay. The drill instructor yells at us to get on line and we all respond as fast as we can. I did not finish fast enough, and my rack (bed) is not properly made with no wrinkles and a 90-degree angle at the edges. The drill instructor comes over and yells at me and makes me stand there while he inspects the rack. In return to my rack not being made correctly in his ridiculous standards, the drill instructor flips my rack and destroys everything around it. He makes me look at the rack and yells at me to fix it, and while I fix it, everyone in my squad made up of 40 plus recruits has to do whatever ridiculous exercise the drill instructor comes up with. Keep in mind that these drill instructors and the rest of the marine corps believe in mass punishment. The reason this is because it singles out the one person that messed up by embarrassing him and making his fellow recruits hate him for making them go through this pain even though he was not the one that made them do it. Some of the creative exercises the drill instructors come up with are to hold out an object and I mean anything. I have held up my heavy foot locker to a rifle to even a little as just my hands with your elbows locked out as a punishment. You would be surprised how heavy your hands can get while holding your hands out for a long time. The drill instructors would get in your head telling you that you are weak because your arms start to drop, but if that happens he again singles you out and you have to start all over. If you find it hard to believe that holding something out with your elbows locked keeping it nipple-line-high try this. Hold a piece of paper with both hands out with your elbows locked at your nipple line for a long period of time. I tell you a piece of paper would never seem so heavy after awhile. The squad bay is not a place to be because that is when there is no witness to see what the drill instructors can d o to you. I remember late at night when I had to do fire watch (guard duty) you could hear the recruits yell out, â€Å"I SIR† in their sleep. There is no escape that even in your sleep there is a drill instructor in your face. What kept going through my head is, â€Å"I can’t give up,† even though the drill instructors tell you that you are lower than a piece of shit. In their words, â€Å"you are nothing, you should give up, get out of my marine corps you piece of nothing.† There was an obstacle course one day and the drill instructors tried to just do just that, and make me quit through their words, I came to the final obstacle not being able to feel my legs or arms, and I had to climb this rope. I get half way and slide down. The drill instructor yells out, â€Å"IS THAT ALL YOU CAN DO PUSSY?’ I try again and same result, and yet again the drill instructor yells at me, â€Å"GET UP THE FUCKING ROPE YOU WASTE OF AIR.† I’m mad now and attempt a third time. I get half way and my arms give out and fall all the way down and land on my back. My back hurts, I can’t feel anything on my body and the drill instructor is laughing at me. I want to give up maybe I can’t do this, and other recruits have already finished. â€Å"FUCK THAT†, I can’t give up, I have to do this for me, and I can do this. I rap my foot around the rope and place the other foot on top and start to go up. I get half way and my hands are slip ping. I think to myself, â€Å"am I goanna fall? NO! push more, keep going, and keep pushing.† I made it to the top. This was my turning point. I can do anything. All I have to do is push myself and not give up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hell never stops from day to night until final test day. We call the final test day â€Å"The Crucible† it is an extended period in the middle of nowhere were they test and teach you how to survive. You are hungry, exhausted, cold, hurt, and hate life at this point. It starts off with a 15-mile hike to the area where you feel like this might be the final nail on your coffin. Along the road of the 15 miles of water up to your knees, you hear your fellow recruit cry out that he can’t do this. The instructors sense the weakness and pounces on this recruit. Let’s just say he did not make it with my class. I think to myself, â€Å"don’t give up! You can do this.† During this walk, you think to yourself why you don’t want to give up. I thought of how I don’t want to disappoint my family. How I could not look myself in the eye if I quit now. I would rather drop down and pass out, or I would have to be physically stopped before I would giv e up. Every time I found myself on the verge to give up I thought this. The attitude of the need to succeed got me all the way through to the end. The day finally came, I was a Marine. You think that day was when you graduate, or when you are wearing your fancy uniform. No! That is when you are coved in mud, broken from a long crucible, tears in your eyes, heart lifted to the sky, prouder then you can ever be. Your drill instructor, jailer, hell bringer, the man you hated gives you your First EGA (Eagle Globe and Anker). I am done I am finally moved up from someone lower than shit. I kept my mental toughness and did not give up I am finally something, a Marine, and a Marine never gives up.