Inclusive Practice

Inclusive Practice Inclusive practice in education moves us away from ‘integration' and ‘mainstreaming' of learners, which was mainly concerned with separating those with a disability or ‘special educational needs' until they had reached the required standard for mainstream education. Inclusion is about the learner's right to participate and the teacher/ institutions duty to accept the learner as an individual. Inclusion rejects the separation of learners with disabilities from learners without disabilities; instead it promotes equality and respect for their social, civil, human and educational rights.From what I can see there are few totally inclusive schools but those that are, restructure their curriculum so all can learn together without discrimination. Some key reports that have changed the face of education over the last decade and a half are: â€Å"Inclusive Learning† (1996) a report by John Tomlinson, was the result of a three-year enquiry into the ed ucational needs of and provision for adults with disabilities and/ or learning difficulties in England.It arose from the requirement of an Act of Parliament, in 1992 and states that; the new national funding council for further education should ‘have regard' for such students in all its work of funding, development and evaluation. ITSELF ? Learning for Teaching We believe that learning can only be fully effective if it is inclusive' ? Tomlinson 1996, case. Org. UK â€Å"Learning Works† the report of the Further Education Funding Council's committee on widening participation in Further Education Noun 1997), chaired by Baroness Helena Kennedy of the Shaw. The Learning Age† (Feb. 1998), the government consultation paper on lifelong learning, and the formal response to the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education's report Higher Education in the Learning Society. Key points being; more assessable learning opportunities, removing barriers I. E. Financial, di sability, investing in 16 + learners and improve quality.The Wolf report March 2011) Key points being; motivate young people to take the most valuable vocational qualifications pre-16, introducing study programmer for post-16 to ensure they are gaining skills which will lead to progression into a variety of Jobs or further learning, especially those who haven't done so well in English and mathematics to continue to study those subjects. To ensure apprenticeships deliver the right skills for the workplace, restructuring of the Qualification, Credit Framework (SCOFF) and enabling FEE lecturers and professionals to teach in schools, ensuring young people are being taught by those best suited to do so. education. Gob. UK Unfortunately with the changes in political power come changes in legislation. This on low income. Although only EYE per week, this could mean the difference between being able to afford to go to college or not. With the increases in University charges and the prospect of post graduates being left with huge debts to pay, or being told by bob centers they are ‘over qualified ‘ so no Jobs for them, it seems as though there has been a u turn in all the progress that had been made in the last decade and a half.Only time will tell what impact this will have on students and how many will want or be able to continue with their studies and what divide may be caused between those who can and can't afford to do this. In recent years, with the poor economic climate, many businesses have collapsed making people redundant. Faced with life changing decisions of having to change their career path and learning new kills; as the competition for Jobs with the skills they have may be too great, some of these individuals haven't been in the education system for many years and are faced in some circumstances with a frightening prospect of starting all over again.If they have had bad experiences in the past this will magnify the fear tenfold. I believe the refore it is even more important that teachers have experience in different skills and occupations as more learners may need to go directly into the work force and acquire work based training, with the employer supporting their learning. These are all barriers that have an impact on inclusive practice in the classroom as I can often have a group of learners with ages ranging from eighteen to sixty plus, from various backgrounds and experience.On one occasion I had a group of fifteen learners consisting of school leavers with no experience, some with varying amounts of experience in residential homes and hospitals. Some were returning to work Mums and others who had previously worked in Jobs such as, shop and office workers. There was one who had been a registered manager of a care home but had been dad redundant, with no vacancies in his area of expertise he decided to become a care worker, only a few weeks before he had been managing a workforce of twenty care workers, seniors and administration staff.It can be extremely difficult to accommodate such a wide cross section of individuals and sometimes to bridge the generation gap. Nears Care has policies in place to give individuals equal opportunities in training and employment (see appendix 1) From the introductions at the beginning of the session to the final goodbyes at the end of training I ensure that very learner is shown to be valued by all, showing interest in their opinions and what they have to say, valuing also their own experiences, which they bring into the room for all to share.No matter what their age, race, religion, disability, sexuality, and gender maybe, it is their opinions, work and life experience which is important for everyone to share and learn from. On 1st October 2010, the main provisions of the Equality Act 2010 came into force. It is a major simplification of discrimination legislation that makes the law easier to understand and comply with and delivers significant benefits for bus iness, public dies and individuals.It provides a new legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and equality of opportunity for all; to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation; and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible framework of discrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a will be brought in and likewise over the next year other provisions will be discussed and brought in; provisions relating to auxiliary aids in schools, to name one.The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDS) introduces the right for kissable students not to be discriminated against in education, training and any services provided wholly or mainly for students, and for those enrolled on courses provided by ‘responsible bodies', including further and higher education institutions and sixth form colleges. Education providers must also make ‘reasonable adjustments' to ensure that disabled students aren't discri minated against.Making reasonable adjustments could include; changes to practices or procedures, physical features, how learners are assessed and providing extra support and aids (such as peccaries teachers or equipment) The obligation for schools to provide extra support such as specialist teachers or equipment will be introduced at a later date – direct. Gob. UK 2011 1 have had many learners over the eight years I have been teaching, with many (SEEN) Dyslexia, color blindness, discalced (which I have learned about and identified during this course).I have had learners with sensory disabilities where I have had to make reasonable adjustments by restructure of the sessions, layout or materials and used others, from outside agencies to sign or give support one to one. For one learner, who was working towards their NV level 2 in care, I used a tape recording of accounts as she found it difficult to write reflective accounts due to having dyslexia.Sometime though it is difficult to make adjustments for one learner when it could be to the detriment of the rest of the class so it is not always possible to be completely inclusive, where possible I would try to meet their needs in a one to one session. Although I try to maintain inclusive practice within my sessions, it can be very difficult when talking about sensitive issues like abuse, some f the subject matter can cause distress to some individuals and so I ensure to warn them before the start of any subject that could cause distress or offense, that they may leave the room of ask to talk to me, or another in private.There are numerous legislations we are bound by in our work, some cover all individuals and industries and some are more specific to your chosen area. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Data Protection 1998, Human Rights Act 1998 are some of the acts that effect all of us and impact on our personal lives as well as at work. Some of the legislations that are pacific to my work and the area I t each are: Every Child Matters (2003), the title of three government paper leading to The Children's Act 2004. (ECMA) cover children and young adults up to 19 years old and 24 years old for those with disabilities.It was partly produced as a response to the death of Victoria Climb. The main aims of ECMA are; to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. We also take guidance from Children's Workforce Development Council. Safeguarding of Adults – (review of ‘No Secrets 2000' in 2008). Working with both of these vulnerable groups requires an enhanced CRAB (Criminal Records Bureau; a police check) to ensure the safety of the individual and the suitability of the worker, working with them.Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 and Medicines Act 1968 & 1971; because our staff have the responsibility of assisting and administering medication. They also need to know how to safely assist with moving and positioning of an individual, the Manual this area. Everything that is done in care, health or mental health is regulated and inspected by the Care Quality Commission (ICQ) formally (SIC). This is not an exhaustive list but does highlight some of the diverse and complex regulations that have to be taken into account when carrying out my role as a training and development manager.It is important to be aware and take into account all of the above when planning sessions to be inclusive to the learners. When training my learners to be care assistants I have to prepare them for many situations that could arise in their daily work, so I need to ensure they have basic literacy and innumeracy which is established prior to induction training, if they didn't have the right level of understanding this would create a huge barrier to their learning and would really be setting them up to fail.If they don't reach the minimum requirements then we can send them to a local college or Learn Direc t and on completion of literacy, innumeracy or both they can come back and try again. If a learner informs us if they have any special requirements when asked at interview (initial assessment) we will meet with them and see how we can meet those needs, whether it be sitting closer to the front of the class and larger print on all materials or a signer for sensory difficulties, eddying up and or smaller groups, one to one or extra sessions for those who find it hard to work in larger groups.Offering staggered start and finish times, changing break times and length of breaks for child care responsibilities, medical condition, nutritional or religious requirements. If there were learners with existing conditions from prior injuries, for example; a back condition, I would see if there was a more comfortable or adapted chair, if they needed to get up and walk around would be acceptable and maybe I would get all the learners to move around to different groups o as not to single that indiv idual out.Wherever possible I remind all learners that what they are learning are life skills and not Just a work skill, I encourage learning from real life and not Just scenario based. At the end of each session we ask all the learners to complete a feedback form asking; what they thought about the whole experience, what they got out of it, what they most enjoyed, what they didn't enjoy, how was the environment, refreshments and breaks, could anything be improved and any comments on the teacher.They are anonymous, I get to read them and I use hem to reflect on the session and make any improvements. I keep them on file with attendance registers for local authority and ICQ inspectors as evidence of training when they conduct inspections. Nears send random feedback forms to a percentage of learners that are collated by Quality Assurance for internal audits. The statistics of these are given at training and standardization meetings that are held regularly around the country.At these me etings all trainers/teachers talk about their experiences what has worked for them and what hasn't, they talk about good and bad practice and anything new that has been developed. I have registered myself with groups such as ICQ, Community Care, Dignity, ICE, MacMillan, TEST, and elf and receive regular email keeping me up to date with anything new, I also watch documentaries pertaining to my work and attend training sessions to refresh and expand my knowledge.I spend a lot of time surfing the internet, research different things and am a member of the NW London Skills for Care sub-committee which also ensures I am up to date with legislative requirements and have an active part in the the privilege of helping the company achieve Investors in People (â€Å"P) over the last fifteen years and every three years to re-qualify for continual status. In both PIP and ICQ inspections' training has always been praised for its quality and support. Appendix 1 Some facts and achievements of Near s Care Ltd.The fact that Nears has been accredited by Investors in People (â€Å"P) since 1994 is one of the achievements of which we can all be most proud. During this period Nears has grown from 350 employees to over 13,000, PIP accreditation requires organizations to consistently operate in a way that develops employees and to actively engage with them to look for ways to improve the running of the company. It is also important that the organization is socially responsible and that people are committed to its' success.Nears may be a larger organization now but our commitment to staff development will never change. In 2011 you will see new efforts to increase our apprenticeships, support management development, launch our new Graduate programmer and continue to develop all our staff in Health and Safety. I would like to thank all staff for their individual contribution to our continuing success David Miles CEO EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY Nears Group PL and its subsidiaries are Equal O pportunities Employers.Our aim is to ensure that no Job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the grounds of gender, race, disability, color, nationality, ethnic or national origin, marital status, sexuality, responsibility for defendants, religion, trade union activity and age (up to 65). Selection criteria and procedures are kept under review to ensure that individuals are selected, promoted and treated on the basis of their relevant merits and abilities. All employees will be given equality of opportunity within the company's service and will be encouraged to progress within the organization.To ensure that direct or indirect discrimination is not occurring, recruitment and other employment decisions are regularly monitored in conjunction with equal opportunities data concerning new and existing staff. The Nears Ethos is one of respect for people and we are fully committed to ensuring accessible services and opportunities to all. Our policies, procedures and w orking practices are designed to exceed government legislation and best practice in this area and to ensure that no discrimination either direct or indirect is tolerated throughout the group.We are all different. We look different, like different things, worship to different elisions and have different outlooks on life. Diversity is a term that values peoples' differences and supports the belief that these differences benefit a successful business or community. Committed to local employment. To the local contract, support economic and social regeneration, but also that our workforce reflects the community it serves. Staff who live locally and understand their communities help us to respond to and respect local culture.We recruit between 85% and 100% of local staff from the community To achieve this we ensure all vacancies are advertised on our website and with the local Job centre. When necessary we advertise in local newspapers and radio to maximize local awareness and interest. Ne ars support for local community projects also helps to make people aware of what we do and creates a positive impression of our business from prospective employees [pick] AGE POSITIVE Nears is very proud to be an Age Positive organization, an accreditation that we received in 2006.We are committed to promoting a diverse workforce and recognize the contribution more experienced employees offer to the business. We currently employ 31 people above the normal retirement age (2010). Case Studies Administrator 19 Years I Joined Nears North as an Office Junior in 2005 with basic office experience and an NV Level 2 qualification in Business Administration. In my role as Office Junior I worked closely with all the departments in Head Office and assisted the Office Manager with weekly payroll.Within a few months, I was given the opportunity to take responsibility for the processing of weekly payroll and promoted to Administrator in the finance department. I also achieved NV Level 3 in Busines s Administration and was awarded Apprentice of the Year 2005 by Recordable Training Association. Regional HER Advisor 58 Years â€Å"Prior to Joining Nears I worked for 34 years for an Electrical Engineering company in Newcastle. I started as a Commercial Apprentice and gained a BAA (Hon.) in Business Studies.I held various positions in HER starting as an assistant to the Personnel Officer and ending as a Regional HER Manager. In October 2004 1 took a voluntary redundancy package and decided to retire, but soon decided that I was far too young to retire. I knew that I had a lot to offer a new employer with over 30 years HER experience but the difficulty I then had was getting to the interview stage. Nears approach to recruitment for the Newcastle contract offered me a walk-in interview branches and was soon given two additional branches and the title of Regional HER Advisor.It's extremely exciting and challenging being part of a company growing so quickly and there is a very positi ve buzz about the place†. Joiner 63 years â€Å"I have always worked in construction but only Joined Nears in 2005. I consider my greatest achievement while working for the company has been coaching and supporting our trainees. The apprentices we employ have not all come through the usual channels and many have issues and difficult backgrounds. I aim to be patient and thoughtful, showing the apprentices how to do things the correct way! Inclusive Practice Inclusive Practice Inclusive practice in education moves us away from ‘integration' and ‘mainstreaming' of learners, which was mainly concerned with separating those with a disability or ‘special educational needs' until they had reached the required standard for mainstream education. Inclusion is about the learner's right to participate and the teacher/ institutions duty to accept the learner as an individual. Inclusion rejects the separation of learners with disabilities from learners without disabilities; instead it promotes equality and respect for their social, civil, human and educational rights.From what I can see there are few totally inclusive schools but those that are, restructure their curriculum so all can learn together without discrimination. Some key reports that have changed the face of education over the last decade and a half are: â€Å"Inclusive Learning† (1996) a report by John Tomlinson, was the result of a three-year enquiry into the ed ucational needs of and provision for adults with disabilities and/ or learning difficulties in England.It arose from the requirement of an Act of Parliament, in 1992 and states that; the new national funding council for further education should ‘have regard' for such students in all its work of funding, development and evaluation. ITSELF ? Learning for Teaching We believe that learning can only be fully effective if it is inclusive' ? Tomlinson 1996, case. Org. UK â€Å"Learning Works† the report of the Further Education Funding Council's committee on widening participation in Further Education Noun 1997), chaired by Baroness Helena Kennedy of the Shaw. The Learning Age† (Feb. 1998), the government consultation paper on lifelong learning, and the formal response to the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education's report Higher Education in the Learning Society. Key points being; more assessable learning opportunities, removing barriers I. E. Financial, di sability, investing in 16 + learners and improve quality.The Wolf report March 2011) Key points being; motivate young people to take the most valuable vocational qualifications pre-16, introducing study programmer for post-16 to ensure they are gaining skills which will lead to progression into a variety of Jobs or further learning, especially those who haven't done so well in English and mathematics to continue to study those subjects. To ensure apprenticeships deliver the right skills for the workplace, restructuring of the Qualification, Credit Framework (SCOFF) and enabling FEE lecturers and professionals to teach in schools, ensuring young people are being taught by those best suited to do so. education. Gob. UK Unfortunately with the changes in political power come changes in legislation. This on low income. Although only EYE per week, this could mean the difference between being able to afford to go to college or not. With the increases in University charges and the prospect of post graduates being left with huge debts to pay, or being told by bob centers they are ‘over qualified ‘ so no Jobs for them, it seems as though there has been a u turn in all the progress that had been made in the last decade and a half.Only time will tell what impact this will have on students and how many will want or be able to continue with their studies and what divide may be caused between those who can and can't afford to do this. In recent years, with the poor economic climate, many businesses have collapsed making people redundant. Faced with life changing decisions of having to change their career path and learning new kills; as the competition for Jobs with the skills they have may be too great, some of these individuals haven't been in the education system for many years and are faced in some circumstances with a frightening prospect of starting all over again.If they have had bad experiences in the past this will magnify the fear tenfold. I believe the refore it is even more important that teachers have experience in different skills and occupations as more learners may need to go directly into the work force and acquire work based training, with the employer supporting their learning. These are all barriers that have an impact on inclusive practice in the classroom as I can often have a group of learners with ages ranging from eighteen to sixty plus, from various backgrounds and experience.On one occasion I had a group of fifteen learners consisting of school leavers with no experience, some with varying amounts of experience in residential homes and hospitals. Some were returning to work Mums and others who had previously worked in Jobs such as, shop and office workers. There was one who had been a registered manager of a care home but had been dad redundant, with no vacancies in his area of expertise he decided to become a care worker, only a few weeks before he had been managing a workforce of twenty care workers, seniors and administration staff.It can be extremely difficult to accommodate such a wide cross section of individuals and sometimes to bridge the generation gap. Nears Care has policies in place to give individuals equal opportunities in training and employment (see appendix 1) From the introductions at the beginning of the session to the final goodbyes at the end of training I ensure that very learner is shown to be valued by all, showing interest in their opinions and what they have to say, valuing also their own experiences, which they bring into the room for all to share.No matter what their age, race, religion, disability, sexuality, and gender maybe, it is their opinions, work and life experience which is important for everyone to share and learn from. On 1st October 2010, the main provisions of the Equality Act 2010 came into force. It is a major simplification of discrimination legislation that makes the law easier to understand and comply with and delivers significant benefits for bus iness, public dies and individuals.It provides a new legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and equality of opportunity for all; to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation; and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible framework of discrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a will be brought in and likewise over the next year other provisions will be discussed and brought in; provisions relating to auxiliary aids in schools, to name one.The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDS) introduces the right for kissable students not to be discriminated against in education, training and any services provided wholly or mainly for students, and for those enrolled on courses provided by ‘responsible bodies', including further and higher education institutions and sixth form colleges. Education providers must also make ‘reasonable adjustments' to ensure that disabled students aren't discri minated against.Making reasonable adjustments could include; changes to practices or procedures, physical features, how learners are assessed and providing extra support and aids (such as peccaries teachers or equipment) The obligation for schools to provide extra support such as specialist teachers or equipment will be introduced at a later date – direct. Gob. UK 2011 1 have had many learners over the eight years I have been teaching, with many (SEEN) Dyslexia, color blindness, discalced (which I have learned about and identified during this course).I have had learners with sensory disabilities where I have had to make reasonable adjustments by restructure of the sessions, layout or materials and used others, from outside agencies to sign or give support one to one. For one learner, who was working towards their NV level 2 in care, I used a tape recording of accounts as she found it difficult to write reflective accounts due to having dyslexia.Sometime though it is difficult to make adjustments for one learner when it could be to the detriment of the rest of the class so it is not always possible to be completely inclusive, where possible I would try to meet their needs in a one to one session. Although I try to maintain inclusive practice within my sessions, it can be very difficult when talking about sensitive issues like abuse, some f the subject matter can cause distress to some individuals and so I ensure to warn them before the start of any subject that could cause distress or offense, that they may leave the room of ask to talk to me, or another in private.There are numerous legislations we are bound by in our work, some cover all individuals and industries and some are more specific to your chosen area. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Data Protection 1998, Human Rights Act 1998 are some of the acts that effect all of us and impact on our personal lives as well as at work. Some of the legislations that are pacific to my work and the area I t each are: Every Child Matters (2003), the title of three government paper leading to The Children's Act 2004. (ECMA) cover children and young adults up to 19 years old and 24 years old for those with disabilities.It was partly produced as a response to the death of Victoria Climb. The main aims of ECMA are; to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. We also take guidance from Children's Workforce Development Council. Safeguarding of Adults – (review of ‘No Secrets 2000' in 2008). Working with both of these vulnerable groups requires an enhanced CRAB (Criminal Records Bureau; a police check) to ensure the safety of the individual and the suitability of the worker, working with them.Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 and Medicines Act 1968 & 1971; because our staff have the responsibility of assisting and administering medication. They also need to know how to safely assist with moving and positioning of an individual, the Manual this area. Everything that is done in care, health or mental health is regulated and inspected by the Care Quality Commission (ICQ) formally (SIC). This is not an exhaustive list but does highlight some of the diverse and complex regulations that have to be taken into account when carrying out my role as a training and development manager.It is important to be aware and take into account all of the above when planning sessions to be inclusive to the learners. When training my learners to be care assistants I have to prepare them for many situations that could arise in their daily work, so I need to ensure they have basic literacy and innumeracy which is established prior to induction training, if they didn't have the right level of understanding this would create a huge barrier to their learning and would really be setting them up to fail.If they don't reach the minimum requirements then we can send them to a local college or Learn Direc t and on completion of literacy, innumeracy or both they can come back and try again. If a learner informs us if they have any special requirements when asked at interview (initial assessment) we will meet with them and see how we can meet those needs, whether it be sitting closer to the front of the class and larger print on all materials or a signer for sensory difficulties, eddying up and or smaller groups, one to one or extra sessions for those who find it hard to work in larger groups.Offering staggered start and finish times, changing break times and length of breaks for child care responsibilities, medical condition, nutritional or religious requirements. If there were learners with existing conditions from prior injuries, for example; a back condition, I would see if there was a more comfortable or adapted chair, if they needed to get up and walk around would be acceptable and maybe I would get all the learners to move around to different groups o as not to single that indiv idual out.Wherever possible I remind all learners that what they are learning are life skills and not Just a work skill, I encourage learning from real life and not Just scenario based. At the end of each session we ask all the learners to complete a feedback form asking; what they thought about the whole experience, what they got out of it, what they most enjoyed, what they didn't enjoy, how was the environment, refreshments and breaks, could anything be improved and any comments on the teacher.They are anonymous, I get to read them and I use hem to reflect on the session and make any improvements. I keep them on file with attendance registers for local authority and ICQ inspectors as evidence of training when they conduct inspections. Nears send random feedback forms to a percentage of learners that are collated by Quality Assurance for internal audits. The statistics of these are given at training and standardization meetings that are held regularly around the country.At these me etings all trainers/teachers talk about their experiences what has worked for them and what hasn't, they talk about good and bad practice and anything new that has been developed. I have registered myself with groups such as ICQ, Community Care, Dignity, ICE, MacMillan, TEST, and elf and receive regular email keeping me up to date with anything new, I also watch documentaries pertaining to my work and attend training sessions to refresh and expand my knowledge.I spend a lot of time surfing the internet, research different things and am a member of the NW London Skills for Care sub-committee which also ensures I am up to date with legislative requirements and have an active part in the the privilege of helping the company achieve Investors in People (â€Å"P) over the last fifteen years and every three years to re-qualify for continual status. In both PIP and ICQ inspections' training has always been praised for its quality and support. Appendix 1 Some facts and achievements of Near s Care Ltd.The fact that Nears has been accredited by Investors in People (â€Å"P) since 1994 is one of the achievements of which we can all be most proud. During this period Nears has grown from 350 employees to over 13,000, PIP accreditation requires organizations to consistently operate in a way that develops employees and to actively engage with them to look for ways to improve the running of the company. It is also important that the organization is socially responsible and that people are committed to its' success.Nears may be a larger organization now but our commitment to staff development will never change. In 2011 you will see new efforts to increase our apprenticeships, support management development, launch our new Graduate programmer and continue to develop all our staff in Health and Safety. I would like to thank all staff for their individual contribution to our continuing success David Miles CEO EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY Nears Group PL and its subsidiaries are Equal O pportunities Employers.Our aim is to ensure that no Job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the grounds of gender, race, disability, color, nationality, ethnic or national origin, marital status, sexuality, responsibility for defendants, religion, trade union activity and age (up to 65). Selection criteria and procedures are kept under review to ensure that individuals are selected, promoted and treated on the basis of their relevant merits and abilities. All employees will be given equality of opportunity within the company's service and will be encouraged to progress within the organization.To ensure that direct or indirect discrimination is not occurring, recruitment and other employment decisions are regularly monitored in conjunction with equal opportunities data concerning new and existing staff. The Nears Ethos is one of respect for people and we are fully committed to ensuring accessible services and opportunities to all. Our policies, procedures and w orking practices are designed to exceed government legislation and best practice in this area and to ensure that no discrimination either direct or indirect is tolerated throughout the group.We are all different. We look different, like different things, worship to different elisions and have different outlooks on life. Diversity is a term that values peoples' differences and supports the belief that these differences benefit a successful business or community. Committed to local employment. To the local contract, support economic and social regeneration, but also that our workforce reflects the community it serves. Staff who live locally and understand their communities help us to respond to and respect local culture.We recruit between 85% and 100% of local staff from the community To achieve this we ensure all vacancies are advertised on our website and with the local Job centre. When necessary we advertise in local newspapers and radio to maximize local awareness and interest. Ne ars support for local community projects also helps to make people aware of what we do and creates a positive impression of our business from prospective employees [pick] AGE POSITIVE Nears is very proud to be an Age Positive organization, an accreditation that we received in 2006.We are committed to promoting a diverse workforce and recognize the contribution more experienced employees offer to the business. We currently employ 31 people above the normal retirement age (2010). Case Studies Administrator 19 Years I Joined Nears North as an Office Junior in 2005 with basic office experience and an NV Level 2 qualification in Business Administration. In my role as Office Junior I worked closely with all the departments in Head Office and assisted the Office Manager with weekly payroll.Within a few months, I was given the opportunity to take responsibility for the processing of weekly payroll and promoted to Administrator in the finance department. I also achieved NV Level 3 in Busines s Administration and was awarded Apprentice of the Year 2005 by Recordable Training Association. Regional HER Advisor 58 Years â€Å"Prior to Joining Nears I worked for 34 years for an Electrical Engineering company in Newcastle. I started as a Commercial Apprentice and gained a BAA (Hon.) in Business Studies.I held various positions in HER starting as an assistant to the Personnel Officer and ending as a Regional HER Manager. In October 2004 1 took a voluntary redundancy package and decided to retire, but soon decided that I was far too young to retire. I knew that I had a lot to offer a new employer with over 30 years HER experience but the difficulty I then had was getting to the interview stage. Nears approach to recruitment for the Newcastle contract offered me a walk-in interview branches and was soon given two additional branches and the title of Regional HER Advisor.It's extremely exciting and challenging being part of a company growing so quickly and there is a very positi ve buzz about the place†. Joiner 63 years â€Å"I have always worked in construction but only Joined Nears in 2005. I consider my greatest achievement while working for the company has been coaching and supporting our trainees. The apprentices we employ have not all come through the usual channels and many have issues and difficult backgrounds. I aim to be patient and thoughtful, showing the apprentices how to do things the correct way!

Nursing in preventing hospital Essay

The aim of this essay is to ascertain what hospital acquired infection entails, the detrimental effects it causes and to highlight the active role nurses can take in the prevention of this type of infection. Hospital acquired (or nosocomial) infection is: ‘one that originated in the hospital environment; i.e. was not present or incubating on admission and which appeared 48h or more after admission’ (Azzam et al. 2001). Infection is caused by pathogenic organisms which invade the hosts immunological defence mechanism; this can be through wounds left by invasive procedures whereby the host’s natural body defences have been bypassed. It is the nurses’ responsibility to know the factors that can increase patients’ susceptibility to infection (i.e. age, underlying disease, drug therapy, or if they are undergoing surgery), this enables nurses to be able to assess which patients are most at risk so that they can develop a care plan and therefore they will know what extra, if any, precautions to take and protocols to follow. Sproat and Inglis (1992) cited by Mallett et al. (2000, p, 40) suggest that the assessment of a patient’s risk of infection to others, in nursing care plans, before the commencement of any procedure is a fundamental principle of infection control. The Bowell-Webster risk assessment guide for identifying patients at risk of infection (1990) cited in Alexander et al. (2000, p, 595) can be used to decide which protocols to follow. Steed (1999) states that not all nosocomial infections relate directly to the patients’ underlying disease but that many are caused by the actions of healthcare workers. Therefore great care must be taken by healthcare workers, especially nurses, who are directly involved in the care of patients. In this essay I am going to discuss the procedures followed by nurses to eradicate, if at all possible, cross infection. There are two ways of acquiring an infection in hospital: Cross (or exogenous) infection is when the infection has been spread from other people, either patients, visitors, hospital staff or even food and the surrounding environment; whereas self (or endogenous) infection is when the  infection is caused by microbes carried by the patient on their body, usually from septic areas. Compliance with universal precautions should be rigorous as to avoid spread of infection. For example, failure to change gloves between interactions with different patients can lead to the spread of disease (Piro et al. 2001). Ayliffe et al. (1992) contended that the regularity of infection in hospitals, caused by multiple types of bacteria, could increase to epidemic amounts if aseptic and hygienic measures in the hospital collapsed. According to the Healthcare-associated Infection surveillance Centre (2000) approximately 30% of nosocomial infections are due to urinary tract infections, another 30% are due to bloodstream infections, 20% due to surgical site infections and 20% due to pneumonia. These infections tend to occur during invasive procedures or when the body is very susceptible due to illness. The NHSSB infection control manual (1996) states that the inter-hospital transportation of infected patients is the main means of spreading infection and in extreme circumstances of spreading an epidemic strain. The spread of infection in hospitals between patients, or between patients and staff, cannot be entirely eradicated but it can be reduced, especially by nurses using methods I will discuss later. Evidence supporting the importance of infection control can be seen in a study by Worsley (1993) cited in Mallett et al. (2000, p,47) who found that in 1991 out of 175 patients who had developed nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, 17 died and the organism was a contributing factor in a further 43 deaths. The cost of managing this outbreak was at least  £75000. Also in a study conducted by Plowman et al. (2001) they concluded that approximately 10% of patients will get infected during a stay in hospital and that this can lead to costs of up to one billion pounds per year in the U.K alone. These pieces of evidence and others (Chaudhuri, 1993) demonstrate the prevalence of nosocomial infection, the dire effects of it and also the extreme financial losses it incurs. Hospital acquired infection has many different consequences, it can: Delay or prevent recovery; Cause increased pain, discomfort and anxiety; Increase the patients stay in hospital which has financial losses due to drugs bills and extra staffing costs; Cause psychological stress as a result of long periods spent in isolation (Knowles, 1993, cited by Mallett et al. 2000, p, 47); it is demoralising for both staff, patients and their families which can lead to decreased public confidence in hospitals and doctors. Mc Millan Jackson (1999) insists that infection prevention and control is essential in healthcare settings to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality in patients and healthcare workers. Nurses share responsibility with other healthcare professionals to reduce the risk of infection in patients. Patients have a right to be protected from preventable infection and nurses have a duty to safeguard the well-being of their patients (King, 1998, cited by Mallett et al. 2000, p, 39). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2002) outlines the nurses’ professional code, and also has implications for the role of the nurse in infection control, requiring them to protect patients and fellow healthcare workers from risks such as cross-infection. Clause 1 of the code informs nurses that, ‘You have a duty of care to your patients and clients, who are entitled to receive safe and competent care’. To fulfil these criteria, nurses must ensure that care is taken to ensure that dangerous or potentially harmful substances (e.g. drugs) or articles are handled and stored safely and that all equipment and appliances are properly maintained. Nurses are role models to the people with whom they come into contact, whether it is patients, visitors, students, or any healthcare workers. Therefore they should insist on compliance with basic procedures and practices as part of their job. They must assume responsibility for these practices as they are also held accountable under the NMC code of conduct and so should be at the forefront of efforts to prevent and control infections. Many infections are acquired through the patient’s own lack of knowledge of the effectiveness of simple procedure, such as hand washing, therefore the nurse has role to fulfil in providing education for patients and their families to give them a greater understanding of the importance of the need for thorough compliance of these procedures. ‘Standard precautions are designed to define a high standard of routine care that will be effective in reducing the transmission of potential pathogens between patients/ clients whilst protecting staff from pathogens carried by patients/ clients’ (NHSSB, infection control policy, 1996). General principles of infection control which all nurses must adhere to according to the Royal College of Nursing (1995) are, to: Wash hands before and after general patient care; Cover all cuts and abrasions with impermeable dressings; Use disposable gloves and aprons where necessary; Clean up spills and body fluids immediately according to local guidelines; Use and dispose of sharps safely, do not resheath needles; Dispose of clinical waste according to local guidelines; Handle and transport specimens safely by following local guidelines; Handle soiled linen according to guidelines; Use disinfection and sterilisation procedures following guidelines. Healthcare professionals need to have basic knowledge about the steps in the chain of infection to be able to determine how to control infection itself. These are: the causative agent; the reservoir; the portal of exit from reservoir; the mode of transmission from reservoir to susceptible host; the portal of entry into susceptible host; and the susceptible host. The main ways to interrupt the transmission of infection between humans and therefore break this chain is through the mode of transmission, this is achieved by: hand washing; aseptic technique; sterilisation and disinfection; and isolation procedures. Overviews of epidemiological evidence (Gould, 1991, Sharir, 2001) have shown that hand washing techniques are often inadequate and infrequent, and that the quality of hand washing is more important than the quantity (Van der  Broek et al. 2001). These conclude that hand medicated transmission is a major contributing factor in the current infection threats to hospital patients. According to RCN guidelines (1995) hands should be washed: before and after any duty which involves close contact with a patient; before and after aseptic technique or invasive procedures; after contact with body secretions/ excretions; after handling contaminated laundry or equipment; after removal of gloves, masks and aprons; before administration of food, drink and drugs; and at the end of a span of duty. Precautions adopted to destroy pathogens, prevent the spread of infection and to protect patients against infection during their stay in hospital, include the use of barrier nursing and the aseptic technique. These are adopted to increase the patient’s resistance to infection, to eradicate the sources or potential sources of infection and to minimise, or if possible stop, the means of bacterial transfer to the uninfected patient. The idea of barrier nursing is to keep an infectious patient, and materials they have been in contact with, apart from vulnerable others. This can be achieved by isolating the patient in a single room or by isolating a number of infectious patients in a purpose built ward. Another method used is to isolate patients whose immune systems are severely depressed thereby protecting them from harmful organisms. This is usually referred to as reverse barrier nursing. Aseptic technique is the use of sterile equipment and fluids, when carrying out any invasive procedure that breaches the body’s normal anatomical defences, to prevent contamination of wounds and other vulnerable sites by pathogens in the operating theatre, the ward, and other treatment areas. These procedures can only be effective if the healthcare professional, i.e. nurses who are in contact with the patients adhere to the general policies relating to the care of patients, especially infectious ones, such as hand washing and protection of personal clothing. It is my personal responsibility as a student nurse to ensure that I am fully immunised against common diseases, and diseases I may be in contact with in the  healthcare setting, if there is a vaccine available. If I feel that I am ill and suspect that my illness may put patients at risk of infection, it is my duty to inform the necessary people and to stay off work. It is also my duty to remove any jewellery (with the exception of a wedding ring) before work, to keep my nails short and clean, and to keep my hair (if long) tied back. Recent studies have proven the importance of wearing a clean uniform each day to work, and that you should ensure that your uniform is laundered at as high a temperature as the garment allows (Perry et al. 2001). During my clinical placement I had to adopt barrier nursing techniques due to a patient on my ward having Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). I was therefore required to adhere to more thorough precautions when dealing with this particular patient. Source isolation was partially used to deal with this patient as I was working in an open mental health ward, therefore the patient could only be segregated to a certain degree. The nursing staff then needed to be aware of this patient’s movement so that we were effectively able to disinfect the areas she came into contact with as detailed in the local procedure we used. During meal times this patient had her meal brought into the ward to her on a tray, once she was finished I had to follow the local procedure by washing my hands with chlorhexidine gluconate 4% before donning gloves, I then had to place her used tray in an alginate polythene bag (which dissolves in the dishwasher), where it would then have been brought to the kitchens to be cleaned separately and at a higher temperature from the usual dishes. Next I had to change my gloves and then disinfect the table and chair, at which the patient had been sitting, with Haz tab solution, then rinse the area with fresh water and let air dry. Finally I remove and dispose of my gloves appropriately and wash my hands, with chlorhexidine in 70% Isopropyl alcohol solution, and dry with paper towels. In this way staff and the other patients are protected from contamination. As I have shown many hospital acquired infections can be easily prevented by the compliance of simple procedures, thereby reducing the extra costs hospital trusts and governments have had to pay, and most importantly reducing the ill effects caused to patients and their families. Not all  hospital acquired infection can be prevented, but with nurses and other healthcare workers working together in the constant assessment and evaluation of all techniques utilised, so that they remain consistent and be improved if necessary, there is no reason why they cannot be severely reduced. In conclusion it is clear to see that it is the nurse who has the primary role in implementing procedures used for the control and prevention of infection, with the intension to curb its spread and thereby ensuring that all patients are able to be cared for in a safe environment, as is their right. REFERENCES Alexander, M.F., Fawcett, J.N. and Runciman, P.J. (editors) (2nd edition) (2000) Nursing practice: Hospital and Home – The adult. Edinburugh: Churchill Livingstone. Ayliffe, G.A.J., Lowbury, E.J.L., Geddes, A.M., Williams, J.D. (editors) (3rd edition) (1992) Control of Hospital Infection, A practical handbook. London: Chapman and Hall Medical Azzam, R. and Dramaix, M. (2001) A one-day prevalence survey of hospital- acquired infections in Lebanon. Journal of Hospital Infection, 49: 74-78. Chaudhuri, A.K. (1993) Infection control in hospitals: has its quality enhancing and cost effective role been appreciated? Journal of Hospital Infection, 25: 1-6. Gould, D. (1991) Nurses’ hands as vectors of hospital-acquired infection: a review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16: 1216-1225. Symth, E.T.M. (director) Healthcare- associated Infection Surveillance Centre (2000). Mallett, J. and Dougherty, L. (editors) (5th edition) (2000) The Royal Marsden Hospital: Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Oxon: Blackwell Science. Mc Millan Jackson, M. Nursing Clinics of north America: Contemporary Infection Control for Nurses. The healthcare marketplace in the next millennium and nurses’ roles in infection prevention and control. Vol 34, number 2, June 1999. Northern Health and Social Services Board, (1996) infection control manual. Nursing and Midwifery Council, Code of Professional Conduct, (2002). London: NMC. Perry, C., Marshall, R. and Jones, E. (2001) Bacterial contamination of uniforms. Journal of Hospital infection, 48: 238- 241. Piro, S., Sammud, M., Badi, S. and Al Ssabi, L. (2001) Hospital acquired malaria transmitted by contaminated gloves. Journal of Hospital Infection, 47: 156-158. Plowman, R., Graves, N., Griffin, M.A.S., Roberts, J.A., Swan, A.V., Cookson, B. and Taylor, L. (2001) The rate and cost of hospital-acquired infections occurring in patients admitted to selected specialties of a district general hospital in England and the national burden imposed. Journal of Hospital infection, 47: 198- 209. Royal College of Nursing: Guidelines on Infection Control, for nurses in general practice. (1995) London: RCN. Sharir, R., Teitler, N., Lavi, I. and Raz, R. (2001) High-level handwashing compliance in a community teaching hospital: a challenge that can be met! Journal of Hospital infection, 49: 55- 58. Steed, C.J. Nursing Clinics of North America: Contemporary Infection Control for Nurses. Common infections acquired in the hospital, the nurses role in Prevention. Vol 34, Number 2, June 1999. Van der Broek, P.J., Verbakel-Salomons, E.M.A. and Bernords, A.T. (2001) Handwashing quality not quantity. Journal of Hospital Infection, 49: 297.

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay - 1

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror - Essay Example In addition, the paper examines the habeas corpus in relation to the war against terrorism and the Supreme Court’s involvement, the involvement of the President and Congress in decisions regarding habeas corpus. Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Following the September 11th attack, the US, then under the Bush Administration, viewed the act as an initiator to a war against the country. In addition, successive terror attacks in Bali, Madrid train attack and the London subway attack, the Bush Government saw enough proof that terrorism was escalating (Cole, 2003). The Government did not take these activities lightly as this saw immediate measures from it and allies against terror activities. Among this stern measures included military intervention into Afghanistan, capture, persecution, and in worst cases, the elimination of potential suspects in the terror activities. In addition, the War on Terror implemented methods such as detention centers for extra-judici al prisoners like Guantanamo Bay, rendition flights and new interrogation techniques among many others. Nature of the Writ Historically, the role of habeas corpus was to protect those arrested by the Executive without the involvement of any judicial activities. ... public Safety may require it.† Strange enough, this is the only statement about the Great Writ found in the US constitution as opposed to the high regard in which it was held during its inception. It has been established that it is only the Federal Government that is limited to the writ and not the State. Attention has arose as to who should be given the authority to suspend the writ or rather determine the case in which suspension of the writ would be most appropriate. Initially, the power of suspending the law rested with the legislature but in early commentary, the power of the Congress to suspend the law assumed and stated by the Court. In early Civil War period, the privilege law was suspended by President Lincoln on his own motion only to be met with much resistance forcing him to seek for authorization from the Congress. Presidents, in times of wars and emergencies, have extraordinary authority accompanied with possession of executive powers that result in asserted viola tions of rights of the constitution and other known legal rights. When a dispute is taken to court, one side of the court is of the view that a ruling for the challenger would expose the security of the nation while the other side is of the opinion that the ideals that make the preservation of the nation’s security worth should be held at all costs. Many courts, in their habeas corpus jurisdiction, have handled issues regarding separation of powers during wars. The writ of habeas corpus is a mechanism in which the courts have insisted that none of the King, the President or any other official may subject someone to detention unless a court of law does so. As long as the writ runs and in any given circumstance, including war, the courts have the power to enforcement of the most basic law

Policies and Procedures Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policies and Procedures Summary - Essay Example The policy of operational issues is essential for the control of harmful wastes, which helps in the conservation of the environment and the community. The management policy establishes the criteria for making requisitions, payment methods and the departments concerned in the transactions (OBrien, 2009). The purchasing policy enables a company to have an organized system that determines the supplier requirements, objectives and product quality (OBrien, 2009). The other significant purchasing policy category is the supplier’s duty for substandard supplies, which spells out the procedures to be taken in case of wrong shipment or contents. The basic procedural areas of procurement comprise of the purchasing cycle, correct application of purchasing forms and the development of authorized agreements. The purchasing cycle procedure describes the details of the procurement that employees must observe when contacting suppliers (Monczka, 2009). Procurement involves documentation and this requires the use of the correct forms for every purchase made. The forms offer the correct description of supplies needed and the quantity. This should include the vital information that the suppliers need to know about the requisition and the prices tagged for each commodity. The other procedural area is the establishment of legal intentions between the supplier and the buyer (Monczka, 2009). The legality of the transaction eliminates breach of agreement and fraud that might arise during the shipment period. The payment mode is another procedural area that must be addressed when dealing with procurement. This is because it signals the term ination of a transaction and helps to establish a positive working between the parties. The e-supply chain (e-SCM) is an optimization of business practices and rate in every aspect of an organization. This is because it uses the internet and web-technology to manage the supply of commodities. The e-supply

The Effectiveness of Smoking Ban at the American University of Sharjah Research Paper - 1

The Effectiveness of Smoking Ban at the American University of Sharjah - Research Paper Example Smoking ban refers to measures which are likely to protect people who do not smoke from the dangers of tobacco smoke (passive smoking). Tobacco smoke is harmful, not only to persons who actively smoke tobacco but also for all who breathe the smoke of others. The threats of passive smoking are well known and need to be addressed. This is why this ban had been established. This paper focuses on the implementation of this ban, and the extent of its success. The research aims to assess the perspectives of the students of AUS about this ban and wants to investigate their responses. Smoking ban refers to measures which are likely to protect people who do not smoke, from the dangers of tobacco smoke (passive smoking) (Guerriero, 2010). Tobacco smoke is harmful, not only to persons who actively smoke tobacco but also for all who breathe the smoke of others (Kincaid, 2010). Even the smoke of a single cigarette causes damage to the health of all in the same room. Therefore, the harm of passive smoking is a broad consensus of the professional associations of physicians on the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations and the Cancer Research Centers of different countries. There are 161 States which acceded to the Framework Convention of the World Health Organizations Tobacco Control, including Austria and Germany (Kolodner & Barbarino, 2011). The tobacco industry has been trying for decades to negate the effects of passive smoking on health through specially funded research. In the "Social Report 2006/07 - Responsibility in Dialogue" by British American Tob acco Institute, it is shown that it is in support of catering to the establishment of Smoking and Non Smoking areas as well as to improve the indoor air quality to take an ethically and morally sound action through the mode of corporate social responsibility (Johnson, 2011).

Module 5 SLP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 5 SLP - Assignment Example The merger of the two companies will lead to the growth of this small company by increasing the economic demand. Hershey Company will benefit from diversification. The risks of investments spread by adding other sectors. Secondly, KONZA Company has a high liquidity. As the liquidity hypothesis stipulates, an increase in liquidity leads to an increase in in merger this is because it makes it possible for Hershey Company to acquire and finance the acquisition by use of resources (McDonald et al., 2006). KONZA Company faces a major threat of mismanagement of firm’s resources by managers to maximize the shareholders wealth. Therefore, if the two companies merge, the resources would effectively managed to maximize on the shareholders wealth as well as profit maximization of the company. I would finance the takeover by selling the company shares. This is by public invitation to buy the shares at premium from the shareholders of the company. This will enable the company to raise enough funds for growth and investments. My second choice would have been Texas Company because the company has a high debt that is attractive and not used. This will is an avenue to merge as low leverage reduces the default risk and increases the debt volume for the joint company (Vachon, 2007). The company investments have a positive net present value (NPV) meaning that it can invest in and gain profits. The two companies therefore can merge and invest in projects that yield profits, as it is a major goal of the company. This company could not be the first choice because it is a bit stable and does not suffer from liquidity and mismanagement of firms resources. My third company would be INOVA Company that is a stable company, operating under ongoing concern and is of large size. The company would merge with Hershey to benefit from synergies. The financial mathematics shows that the

Data Driven Marketing Assingment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Driven Marketing Assingment - Assignment Example By disaggregation, the present value of lifetime  customer  cash flows are seen in two main ideas: how much cash a customer  pays per period and how many periods a  customer  pays.  Customer  longevity is often associated with loyalty. Analysis in Cell2cell is based on the Net Present Value (NPV) principle: Customer  NPV = PV of lifetime  customer  cash flows - acquisition costs PV of lifetime cash flows = cash flow per period x number of period Cell2cell wireless telecom has a more formal and regular interaction with customers through their service sales points, where various issues and technical problems are resolved. Cell2cell runs two major payment packages: post paid and prepaid payment plans. With the prepayment package, many customers who are not very interested in bills or may not be able to afford a post payment plan can enjoy the flexibility of cellular network services over easily absorbed or smaller bill packages lower than a dollar, this is an effecti ve means of generating revenue for Cell2cell. Customers in general prefer lower priced goods yet they value quality, in line with the demand theory â€Å"the lower the price, the more the quantity demanded.† A predetermined billing arrangement with customers on the post pay plan pronounces ease in predictability in terms of cash flow streams. Even at the prepaid level, the customer still maintains a predictable line rental fee. A reasonable amount of data is stored in the archives of Cell2cell on the numerous customers. Based on relationships, behavioral patterns, income levels, social criteria, nature of business, emotional complexities, and a number of factors, Cell2cell makes adscititious predictions on cash flow streams. Churning is possible if total utility falls, the sum of utilities from each quantity consumed, of the goods and services provided by Cell2cell, from one to the number actually consumed. Utility denotes satisfaction or benefit, utility is essentially based on individual feelings and not on things which have objective or physical existence and it relates to a particular time. Timing for Cell2cell introduces bundling, adding new products contributes massively in cutting down churning. Model Predictions for Cell2cell - Predictive modeling support churn management by tagging customers likely to churn - Campaign targeted to the most profitable at-risk customers - Customers on high risk churning percentage should first be sorted by profitability Factors Driving Churn Telecommunication has seen considerable increase in efficiency, growth and profitability. Growth in the industry for the players has meant fierce competition, consumers on the other hand are more and more demanding and to sustain this continuous need to be on top of the market would mean enchaining affordability and reliability. Ensuring that customer gets full services readily and without any hindrances would mean an extra cost in purchasing more powerful equipments with high speed capabilities, Cell2cell has made a substantial investment in leading edge technologies and has placed itself on a viable platform in retaining the price leader in the market. With poor technologies, the ability to meet the demands of customers is reduced; churning increases and profitability is affected. Customers are very interested in new technologies to do away with boredom, inventing new approaches to business and offering

War and Genocide against the Jews in Europe Essay

War and Genocide against the Jews in Europe - Essay Example Anti-Semitism has been one of the most important reasons behind the genocide conducted against the European Jews during the World War II. The development of the World War inspired the Germans to have control over the entire territory captured by them; due to this factor, they initiated rapid military movements in the German-occupied areas. Genocide is regarded as an unethical and barbarian activity by the entire world but there was little effort made by different countries to stop the genocide carried out by the German military forces. The European Jews were completely isolated from the rest part of the world during the progress of the World War II. The Germans got extra mileage to carry out the entire Holocaust because they did not experience any obstacles from the best part of the world. After detailed analysis, some historians such as Arnold Toynbee has been able to conclude that most parts of the world did not have any respect towards the Jews community because of their personal beliefs. The Christians believed that the Romans had killed Lord Jesus Christ and the Jews community supported the actions of the Romans (Crowe 17). Genocide against the Jews recorded mass killings of 5-6 million people in Europe because of the lack of interference of other communities. â€Å"It is significant that early Christians blamed the Jews for the crucifixion, which was actually practiced by the Romans during the period. The beliefs of the Christians have been supported by stating that the Jews mobs demanded Jesus’ death under the power of Roman governor Pontius Pilate† (Bergen 161). It has been observed that the convictions against the Jews society were not accurate but there are very few evidence in favor of them. The genocide of Europe was conducted by the German military forces under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Christian society isolated the Jews and left them to suffer under the brutal tortures of the Nazis.

Analyze the production of M.Butterfly Research Paper

Analyze the production of M.Butterfly - Research Paper Example David Hwang’s M Butterfly is one of the literary works that best speaks of the Asian nation and culture. It showcases the actual traits of Asian people giving birth to a new perception of their capacity in opposed to the world’s stereotyping. David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly is a fictional play that is based on historical account of a French diplomat that had an affair with a Chinese opera singer, who is after all a man. The play had its premiere at Eugene O’Neill Theatre on Broadway in the year 1988. The play garnered several Tony Awards. It is contextually rich and is considered as a spectacular, intriguing, and shocking tale that moves audiences not just from the East but also the population of the West. A close examination of this literary work creates an impact to the viewer’s perspective about gender, identity, cultural race, concepts of self and the issues of pervasive implications of stereotyping gender and race. The play is illuminating and shocking, portraying a different perspective to the audience about the grotesque clash of illusion with reality in the complex web of stereotypes. The play of M. Butterfly is set in a present day prison in Paris, France. Points in the history are revealed through flashbacks, dreams and memories. It started with Monsieur Rene Gallimard’s narration about his life at the cell. He dreams of a woman Song Liling, dancing to a love duet. Gallimard continues his hallucination of the events in the opera imagining himself as Pinkerton, a masculine figure. He thought to himself that the events in his past are similar with what happened in the opera, with him as the sensitive one. Scenes of Gallimard’s childhood are shown revealing his deep insecurity with the girls. There is a hint of identity crises in Gallimard based on the flashback scenes in the play. Liling Song, the opera singer, who plays the Madame Butterfly in the play, was

Marketing for low income people (Gillette Vs Nivea) Research Paper

Marketing for low income people (Gillette Vs Nivea) - Research Paper Example Nivea brand is one of the famous skin and beauty brands in the globe due to its intense and cultivating marketing strategies. The advancement of the brand is attributed to its extensive ranges of products worldwide like the moisturizers, deodorants, and shower products. These brands have magnificent appeals to both segments, especially the high income segment of customers, yet Nivea products sell across all segments. On the other hand, Gillette has evolved its marketing strategies approaches over the past few years to establish a more consumer-focused approach. The company has successfully installed brand confidence among the increasingly skeptical male consumer base in the world. Acquisition of new customers often results from the implementation of a product strategy. Products attract new customers by offering new features, eliminating old problems, and solving different needs. Products will be matched with viable market segments. Product development is a marketing strategy in which new goods and services are developed and then added to current lines (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). These are marketed to existing customers. Product diversification occurs when new goods and services are created for new market segments not currently served by the company. Unmet needs, cultural trends, and other developments lead to development and diversification strategies. Recent cultural trends associated with diet have led to new food products, while the desire for connectivity has been associated with the creation of new electronic devices. One key to developing products is following through with a well-designed plan of implementation that brings the whole company into the process. Product improvements solve specific problems. Many products have been made smaller, faster, more efficient, and more user-friendly over the years. Product improvements may help firm capture new customers and acquire competitors’ customers

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Throughout the book, â€Å"Of Mice and Men† George is Lennie’s everything! From dusk to dawn he is Lennie’s caretaker, friend, and he also works in place of himself and Lennie, too! He doesn’t have the easiest job in the world, either. He is faced with many challenges throughout the book. I do believe that towards the end George was finally getting enough, and he was getting tired of watching Lennie struggle. It got the best of him in a way. George has a job as a ranch hand out on the ranch. He does a little bit of everything. From making sure that the animals are in good health, and to helping the boss with anything he needs. George even watches over the slaves, to make sure they are doing what they need to be doing and are staying away from the whites. He carries a lot of responsibilities! He is also doing Lennie’s job at the same time. As we found out very quickly, Lennie is not the best at doing the task, due to his mental illness. He doesn’t know his strength, and tends to hurt/kill people and animals. Lennie has a heart of gold, and means absolutely no harm. Because of Lennie’s mental state, he needs a caretaker. George has been the one to step up to the plate and take that position. They got kicked out of Weed because Lennie went to feel a lady’s dress, and she accused him of rape. George somewhat felt guilty because as his caretaker it is his responsibility to make sure and keep an eye on him. George has to keep a close eye on Lennie and make sure that he is doing right. Any wrong thing that he may do could easily fall back on George, and they can lose everything, such as their job and shelter. At the end of the book, George had had enough of watching Lennie do wrong. He knew that after killing Curley’s wife, it could be something much worse, and being the friend he was he couldn’t watch him go through that anymore! As a friend, George is Lennie’s everything! Throughout the book, George was Lennie’s only true friend. He understood him, when everyone else didn’t. George knew when he messed up, but he still treated him like a best friend. He was more than just a caretaker, he was like a brother! I give props to George! He had been around the world and back with Lennie and he still loved him for the person he was. Even when he killed things, he was still there  and didn’t think of him any less. Now that my friends, is a TRUE friend! This book was very touching, and sad. It helped open my eyes to realize that there really are people out there who do wrong, but don’t mean to. You may be proven guilty, but that doesn’t mean that you aren’t innocent. George really was a great friend to Lennie! He had a lot of responsibility on his shoulders! He would be one to look up to. Next time you see someone do wrong, you need to stop and ask yourself, â€Å"Did they really mean that?†

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model Theories into sentence processing can be viewed from two main accounts; a modular account or an interactive account. Garden path model proposed by Fraizer and Rayner (1982) supports the modular account, arguing sentence processing involves the analysis of each individual unit or module of a sentence, with little or no feedback, thus inhibiting correction. Whereas an interactive account supported by the constraint based theory, (McDonald, 1994) argues sentence processing involves immediate incorporation of all available information in creation of the final output. This essay will explore principles of both Garden Path Model and Constraint Based Theory of sentence processing, highlighting their similarities and differences as well as major strengths and weaknesses associated with both models. This essay will continuously compare and contrast both models on issues such as; minimal attachment and late closure, reanalysis, sentence length, contextual properties, working memory capacities and evidence from event related potentials in an attempt to answer the question in focus. The Garden path model proposed by Frazier and Rayner (1982), argues readers only consider initially one syntactic structure for any given sentence and meaning is not involved in the selection of preliminary syntactical meaning. Thus, readers and listeners can be misled by ambiguous sentences (i.e. garden path sentences). Whereas Constraint based theory proposed by MacDonald (1994), argues all relevant information is available immediately to the parser during reading and listening. The incoming information is analysed and all possible constraints or outputs are activated and ranked according to the strength of the subsequent activation. The syntactic structure receiving the most support from the constraints will be highly activated and thus chosen. In essence, activated constraints are in competition with one another and when two constraints are equally activated ambiguity arise. These two theories propose conflicting, basic ideologies; Garden Path model argues only one syntactic stru cture is initially considered and meaning is not involved in selection of syntactic meaning, whereas, constraint based theory argues all relevant information is used and several syntactical meanings are initially considered before the most appropriate is selected. Frazier and Rayners Garden Path Model proposes that listeners and readers chose the simplest syntactical structure by implementing two general principles; minimal attachment and late closure. The principle of minimal attachment states the grammatical structure producing the fewest nodes is preferred. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) provided partial experimental support for minimal attachment. They used the sentences; The girl knew the answer by heart and The girl knew the answer was wrong. Rayner and Pollatsek observed the principle of minimal attachment led to a grammatical structure in which the answer is regarded as the direct object of the verb knew, this is appropriate for the first sentence but leads to ambiguity in the second sentence. Therefore it can be argued the principle of minimal attachment may not work for all sentences, highlighting a weakness. Altmann et al (1998), argue all possible meanings of a sentence are considered during, and at the end of a sentence and principle s of minimal attachment are inadequate in sentence processing, thus supporting the constraint based theory. Frazier and Rayner (1982) argue minimal attachment and late closer attempt to reduce pressure on working memory during sentence processing, making it less economically taxing, a strength of this theory. They recorded participants eye movements whist they read sentences like; since Jay always jogs a mile seems like a short distance. If readers construct both or all possible syntactic structures, there should be additional processing time at the point of disambiguation. Eye movement data provided support for the predictions of the garden path model. These finding are in opposition with the Constraint based theory that argues several constraints are activated before the output is chosen, thus making this method of sentence processing more taxing than the Garden Path model in which no interpretation is considered until the end of sentences (Clifton, 1993). Fodor and Inoue (2000) a rgue the parser works on the method of minimal processing and will do the minimum amount of analysis possible, supporting the Garden Path Model. Minimal attachment is argued to be universal to all languages (Frazier and Rayner (1982). However several studies contradict this argument. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), Carreiras and Clifton (1993, 1999) and Traxler et al (1998) found a low attachment preference within the English language but found a high attachment preference within the Spanish language. Thus meaning minimal attachment would not be applicable in the Spanish language. Thus conflicting the assumptions of the Garden Path Model. Mitchell et al (1995) argued attachment preferences may be different between languages due to the fact that in some languages, high relative clause attachment is most frequent, whereas in other languages such as English, low clause attachment is most frequent. As a result of these findings, cross-linguistic differences in clause attachments present a pr oblem for the Garden Path Model as the principles of minimal attachment and late closure assume a universal preference for low attachment. Highlighting a weakness The principle of late closer proposes new words encountered in sentences are attached to the current phrase or clause if grammatically permissible. This principle conflicts assumptions of the constraint based theory as meaning is assigned as new words are attached rather than when all information is available. Alternatively supporting the Constraint based theory Carreiras and Clifton (1993) provided evidence that readers do not follow the principle of late closure. They presented participants with sentences such as The spy that shot the daughter of the colonel who was standing on the balcony. According to late closure, readers or listeners should perceive this sentence as meaning the colonel, rather than the daughter, was standing on the balcony, however this was not observed. Principles of minimal attachment and late closure within the garden path model determine peoples initial analysis of sentences, however if initial analysis is inconsistent due to ambiguous sentences, a process of reanalysis must occur (Frazier and Rayner 1982). Reanalysis occurs when initial analysis is inconsistent with later information encountered. According to VanGompel and Pickering (1999) within the constraint based theory all possible analyses are activated with most appropriate being selected, thus meaning reanalysis does not take place. According to MacDonalds (1994) constraint based theory, processing difficulty only arises when two or more constraints have approximately equal activation resulting in competition. Constraints at the beginning of the sentence strongly activate one analysis but, disambiguating information encountered later on activates an alternative analysis, both possible analyses having equal activation competition results. This disambiguating information i ncreases time taken for the incorrect analysis to be inhibited and results in processing difficulties, a weakness of this theory. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) argued the further the head noun is from the point of disambiguation, the stronger readers or listeners will commit to a thematic analysis, thus making reanalysis more difficult. Another conflicting argument to Frazier and Rayners reanalysis principle was put forward by Sturt et al (2002) who showed that during reanalysis, attachment to a recent phrase is preferred to attachment to a more distant phrase, arguing reanalysis and reattachment of more distant phrases are more costly. However reanalysis does not always occur when disambiguation is encountered, highlighting a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) argued people do not always successfully discard their initial analysis after syntactic disambiguation is experienced, which is in contrast to most models of reanalysis and the garden path model. Participants read the sentence; while Anna dressed the baby that was small and cute spit up on the bed. Participants correctly identified who spat up on the bed, suggesting they had correctly analysed the baby as the subject of spit up. When asked if Anna dressed the baby, most participants answered yes. This finding led Christianson et al to conclude that readers adopted the baby as the subject, whilst maintaining the incorrect analysis where the baby was the object of the preceding verb dressed. Findings from this study provide arguments in contray to principles of successful reanalysis. Sentence length can have an influence in the process of reanalysis, but it has also been argued that sentence length can have an effect on overall initial processing of sentences prior to any reanalysis. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001) argued longer phrases are harder to process and using minimal attachment more errors are likely to be made, showing a weakness of this theory. It has been found that disfluencies (including filled and silent pauses) lengthen sentences and make them harder to process. Bailey and Ferreira (2003) investigated the effects of sentence disfluencies, observing that disfluencies allowed parsers to linger on the initial parse and commit to an incorrect interpretation via minimal attachment and late closer, indicating a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) support this argument, concluding; the longer a parser lingers on an incorrect parse, the more likely they are to maintain an incorrect interpretation. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) investigated the effects of disfluencies on garden path processing. They found disfluencies resulted in more incorrect interpretations, suggesting sentence processing is not an all or none process, therefore discrediting the constraint based theory. Effective contextual properties have been found to provide supportive evidence for the constraint based theory. Spivey et al (2002) looked at eye movements in response to auditory garden path sentences within the context of visual arrays. They asked participants to put the apple on the towel in the box. They recorded participants eye movements to assess how the sentence was interpreted. According to the garden path model on the towel should initially be understood as the place where the apple should be put because it is the simplest syntactical structure. In the absence of visual context this is what was found. When the visual context consisted of two apples, one on a towel and the other on a napkin, participants rapidly interpreted on the towel as a way of identifying which apple was to be moved. Results show that visual contexts reduce ambiguity and prevent garden path effects. Event related potentials (ERP) have provided influential evidence in sentence processing. ERPs measure brain responses as the direct result of thought or perception. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) established an ERP of N400 following perception of semantic anomalies. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) found a syntactic anomaly produced an ERP of P600, As syntactic analysis only is involved in the garden path model, observing an ERP of P600 would indicate this model of processing. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994) suggested that P600 is the marker of a garden path effect. However Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) found that fluent garden path sentences resulted in P600 but garden path sentence containing a filled or silent pause activated an ERP of N400, this would suggest that these sentences are perceived as having a semantic anomaly which would discredit the garden path model of processing which claims semantic analysis is not involved in initial sentence analysis. P600 has been hypothesi sed to indicate memory updating and processes of reanalysis (Friederia 2001 and Frisch et al 2002), therefore being unique to the garden path model. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) have found a sentence containing both semantic and syntactic violations activate an ERP of both N400 and P600, suggesting semantic and syntactic processing work independently, supporting the garden path model rather than the constraint based theory. In conclusion the garden path model and the constraint based theory of sentence processing argue fairly conflicting ideologies, thus making these models very different. The garden path model argues the principles of minimal attachment and late closure, which is in contrast to the constraint based theory. The constraint based theory argues all possible interpretations of sentences are activated with the most appropriate being selected, arguing the absence of reanalysis; again this is in contrast to the garden path model. The garden path model only initially considers syntactical information whereas constraint based theory considers all available information but is very taxing on working memory. Both models have been shown to have many strengths and weaknesses. In relation to the title question it has been shown that both models offer reasonably contrasting arguments of sentence processing and no sole conclusive model of sentence processing has yet been established. 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Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Harley, T (Second Edition). The Psychology of Language. From Data to Theory. Hove:Psychology Press. Hills and Murray (2000).Iin Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Kolk et al (2003), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Lau, E and Ferreir, F. Lingering Effects of Disfluent Material on Comprehension of Garden Path Sentences. Language and Cognitive Processes. 2005 Vol 20 (5), 633-666. MacDonald (1994), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 364. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. McRae et al (1998), In Gaskell, G. 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Organic Food: Types and Benefits

Organic Food: Types and Benefits What do you mean by organic? (Why is organic important for both moms and kids?) Introduction: In today’s adultered world, nothing is pure. Everything has some adulteration and it is all done to increase the quantity and make more money. Thereby it also reduces the quality of the food and the things that we consume. Everything has now been grown in the inorganic way. Ether with more medicines or artificially grown with some scientific processes. These processes take away the essential vitamins from the food, leaving it hollow with very less or no nutrients in it. The health is lost and the wealth is made. This is what is followed in the present generation. Health is not considered and not valued. The adulteration and the artificial world: Over the past few years, there has been a great demand for organic food. Though, it is quite costlier when compared to the other one, it is always preferred by the ones who are health conscious. The food industry has grown to some extent with this demand of the organic food and the products. People are demanding more of organic food. The inorganic ones damage the food and takes away the energy from and also pollute the environment. The health of the one who consumes it also gets affected. There are more number of diseases today than there were decades back. There are more people in the hospital than in the wedding receptions. The doctors are making more money than the engineers could make throughout the year. It is all because the food that we eat is not organic, and it is not pure at all. It is filled with pesticides and grown up in artificial climatic condition with fertilizers. It causes more damage to the health and the environment. Organic food- healthiest: Therefore, recently it is considered that the organic food is healthy, strong, and nutritious. It is preferred over the local and the inorganic ones. There is not much research done on this. And the few researches which were done for comparing the organic and the inorganic food show that the organic foods are always healthier and nutritious. They are always in better quality, though not in quantity. There are many researches that are going on in order to prove the same. But a final conclusion is yet to be out. More importantly, these foods should not be given to the kids and toddlers. Since they have a fast developing body, they need more nutrients vitamins and minerals. Even if they eat very little, they should try to consume nutritious food. Children might not know much about the differences between these two. They would always prefer junk over the healthy and the nutritious food. It is because the junk always looks attractive and therefore grabs attention with its bright colored food. They have preservatives in them, they also have chemicals that make you get addicted to such foods. Therefore, it is important to keep the children away from such food. The more they are away from such junk food; the more they will live a healthy life. Children might become fussy over this issue, but try to handle the situation wisely and make them understand that it is not healthy and good for the growth of their body and mind. Organic food is important for adults too, especially for moms: Including the children, it is also better for the mothers to stay away from these junk. The inorganic food will only make you feel full. You will keep gaining weight and you will have an unhealthy lifestyle. In order to take care of your child, you need to be strong and healthy first. Remember kids imitate very well. So, whatever you eat, they will also adopt the same. When you are into junk food, chances are more that the child will also follow your footstep and will prefer eating junk food over the healthier ones. Organic food and the natural cultivation processes: The processes food that you get in the market are packed in bright colored papers and wrappers. They attract people with their advertisements and make false statements that they are healthy and are packed with nutrients and energy. But it is not true. The packed ready-made foods are high in sugar, sodium and also saturated fats. They have very low nutrients and minerals. Therefore, they are the main reason behind the many serious health issues. Weight gain is also one such problem that you get when you consume more of junk food. Other various health problems include diabetes, heart diseases, and high blood pressure. As already mentioned above, these junk and the ready-made instant food have many artificial preservatives that are bad for health. The flavor enhancers are also added and also a number of chemicals are also included in the ingredients while preparing the food. These ingredients cause a very bad effect on the body and cause serious health problems either immediately after consuming or later in life. Organic food – without any artificiality: The inorganic foods are always grown with a number of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and also many growth hormones are also added to the food grown. The organic foods are grown in natural climatic condition and in the natural environment without any fertilizers and pesticides. Natural farming of the crop is adopted while making the organic food. The result of this is that, there is no side effect either to the environment and nor to the people who consume it. Rather, people who consume organic food are way healthier and live a longer life with an increased life span. So, if you wish to live a life of crow, or the elephants, the start eating organic food. Set up your own farm. You can make it in your own kitchen yard. You can start with some small plants and later can expand with the need. You will gradually change your body system and will become healthier and happier. As they say, healthy life is a happy life. You can stay away from the genetically modified food and can also shed the flabs by not consuming them. You will eventually look physically modified, with no flabs and heavy hips and people would start thinking that it is artificially doneà ¯Ã‚ Ã…  . You can anyway tell them later that it is all the effect of the natural food that you consume. Advantage of consuming the organic food: This is for both moms and kids. The moms need more energy in order to run behind the children and keeping self on the toes. The kids need more energy in order to keep running in front of the mom and keep her on her toes. Therefore, it is equally important for moms and also the kids to eat healthy and nutritious food. They would complement each other in life by keeping each other healthy and strong. The organic food is grown and cultivated with all the natural methods such as the crop rotation, plantation, composition, stimulating bio diversity etc. It is all done by the farmers and no machinery is being used for the process of cultivation. There are no pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, etc. in the crops that are grown. Artificial coloring agent, taste enhancers, artificial preservatives are all not used in this. They are healthy, nutritious and are packed with vitamins and minerals. They increase the health and thereby increase the life span. The children are healthier and stronger when they consume the organic food. There is no risk of any health issues in life now and after. The immune system is built with this and the resistance power is also increased. Absence of all the artificial agents makes the organic food healthier, stronger and safer. The environment is also protected without any pollution. Thus, there are many more reasons that can be listed out here in order to show how important and how safe it is to consume the organic food over the inorganic ones. It is still not late. It is better to late than to never. You can start right away and right now. Give up all the bad habits of eating junk. Your child will follow the same. Start eating healthy food. Go to the market and buy only organic food. It is ok if you had to spend some extra bucks. But your health and your baby’s health are more important. It makes no sense when you spend less on eating and spend more on treating. You will eventually end up spending all the savings at the hospital. Therefore, understand this and make people around you also understand it. Make your baby eat only organic food. You can also use the help of the internet to boost yourself and to know more about the organic food. You can try various recipes that are given on the internet, especially for the toddlers. Your child will definitely l ove it. In fact, not only the child, but you will also love it. Last but not the least, everyone should follow the quote that, â€Å"Healthy living is a happy living†.