Economic Development Of Africa And South America - 905 Words

Financial improvement is actualizing new innovations, move from farming based to industry-based economy, and general change in living models. The current improvement circumstance of Africa is dumbfounding. Despite the fact that it is the wealthiest mainland as far as common assets, Africa remains the poorest and the slightest created district of the world., Africa is the last worldwide outskirts that will take after the current developing forces. The economy of Africa of China, India and South America Consists of the exchange, business, farming, and human assets of the continent.the report, simply distributed, says this development has been determined basically by enhanced monetary administration on the mainland and the private part. Africa s financial development coud not have happened without significant change in monetary influence. In any case, Africa s deficient base remains a significant obligation to the mainland s monetary development and improvement.. African as of now contributes only four for every penny of its aggregate GDP in base, contrasted and China s 14 for every penny. Africa s aggregate horrible local item (GDP) arrived at US $953 while the quantity of center wage nations on the mainland rose to 26, out of a sum of 54. Solid monetary development has made real advances into pay neediness. Africa s aggregate terrible local item (GDP) arrived at US $953 while the quantity of center salary nations on the mainland rose to 26, out of a sum of 54.Show MoreRelatedIslam and Continuities1628 Words   |  7 Pageschanges and continuities in the environments of two of the regions of the world from 8000 BCE to present.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Europe  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sub-Saharan Africa  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Middle East  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   East Asia   Ã‚  Ã‚   SE Asia  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     South Asia  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Latin America  Ã‚  Ã‚   North America †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyze the changes and continuities in China from the Zhou to the Song. Be sure to address political, social and economic factors as well as outside influences. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trace and analyze the evolution of slavery and serfdom from prehistoric times to theRead MoreCCOT And CC Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 1 /2 – 8000 bce – 600 bce, 600 bce – 600 ce Africa Compare and contrast life in foraging societies with life in agricultural societies after the Agricultural Revolution Identify two key changes in early African history that resulted in a new period in the history of the region The Middle East Analyze the political changes in the Middle East from the Agricultural Revolution to 600 c.e. Compare and contrast the basic features of TWO of the following religious systems prior to 600 c.e. PolytheismRead More slavery in 18th century Essay956 Words   |  4 Pagesalso used slaves. Slaves were brought from Africa to the British American colonies to work in agriculture and farming, which among other factors made the British colonies in America become so strong and prosperous. The slaves of the British American colonies were mainly from African west coast. It is important to note that slavery was present in African communities long before white traders sent African slaves to Europe and America. Slaves in Africa were those tribal people captured in confrontationsRead MoreMultilateral Relations Between Africa And Africa1407 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Africa, once regarded as ‘good for nothing but exploitation’, however, the block has gradually gained modest relations, and aspiring to cultivate a multifaceted partnership with major global political players in all directions from Left-Right, East–West, North-South, and South-South. The two major partners forged their own cooperation are Peoples Republic of China and United States of America and the partnerships they created are known as Sino - Africa relations named ‘Forum on China-AfricaRead MoreMy Presentation On Cultural Development1569 Words   |  7 Pageson Cultural Development Shermaine Cunningham UDC-CC What comes to mind when you think of culture? What do you think of when you hear development? We can associate cultural with different ethnic groups around the world like for instance East Africa. We can associate development with different countries around the world that provides the people with knowledge through technology like for instance Japan, which is a huge developing country. 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The social structure was that the white race was superior to any other race and the black race had to be subordinate to them, slaves were dictated by capitalists (slave owners). Not only was slavery important to the American society but also to the French communities (Robinson, 1984:46) as without ‘slavery and the slave trade there would be no economic basisRead MoreTrade Unions Role within the South African Economy1424 Words   |  6 PagesTrade unions play a significant role within the South African economy and have been active in responding to the fiscal policies of government. COSATU has played an influential role in South Africa since its conception in December 1985, and is aimed at improving their members working conditions and ensuring participa tion in the struggle for peace and democracy. COSATU has provided various proposals regarding changes to the National Budget, aimed at economic growth and job creation support. As a leadingRead MoreOpen and Prosperous Trade with South Africa1442 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction South Africa has enjoyed since the early 90s open and prosperous trade between there international relationships. The ruling party however has been under the spotlight for majority of their duration in power. In the duration of the ruling parties last term there has been many changes; new competitive political parties were formed, service delivery strikes have risen tremendously, youth have lost faith in the government and literacy and education has been criticised globally.Based onRead MoreExamine reasons for changes in pattern of world development1153 Words   |  5 Pagesfor recent changes in patterns of World development. In the 1970’s Africa seemed poised to take off developmentally speaking while S.America and especially Asia were seen with extreme pessimism. Since then patterns have been reversed; Asia led by economies such as India have introduced new nomenclature such as newly and recently industrialising countries while S. America has followed close behind. Today it is Africa or more precisely Sub-Saharran Africa which has stagnated developmentally or

Sacramentality, Mediation, And Communion - 1516 Words

Sacramentality, mediation, and communion – three properties of Catholicism that are central to its understanding. Like Catholicism, these three properties are universal and can be found in the writings of Catholic authors dating back thousands of years ago. From the first written Scriptures found in the Bible to the modern day works of writers like Flannery O’Connor, these three properties can be found portrayed in works of both fiction and nonfiction. However, these properties are not always easy to find for the untrained mind or even to differentiate for those who do have a better understanding. Sacramentality is the notion that all of creation potentially bears the presence of God. Essentially, one experiences the invisible God through the visible world. Mediation goes hand in hand with sacramentality. It occurs when God is not only present in creation but also works through it. Instead of something symbolizing or reminding you of God, it actually speaks to you and brings you closer to Him. The last property of the Catholic Church is communion. Communion is God’s way of reaching us through the communities in which we live. All three of these properties have close ties to each other. Flannery O’Connor portrays all three – sacramentality, mediation, and communion – in her book Mystery and Manners. In the section â€Å"Catholic Novelists and Their Readers,† O’Connor portrays the three properties by describing the duty of a Catholic novelist and what effect their relationshipShow MoreRelatedA Profound Southern American Catholic Novelist, By Flannery O Connor1616 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonists endure a spiritual transformation that leads her characters into enlightenment. O’Connor weaves blatant instances of sacramentality, mediation, communion, mercy, and human dignity into the development of each of her stories. O’Conner revealed sacramentality in thousands of examples throughout her literary marks of genius. In â€Å"Wise Blood,† Hazel’s car exposed sacramentality as a symbol of himself. The car’s beat-up, rugged state and unreliable features mirrored Hazel’s own broken-down spirituality

Influence of Communication Apprehension †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Communication Apprehension. Answer: Introduction: A self-reflection is an important tool for every individual as it helps them in gaining an insight about them, which could be in terms of their skills, their emotions, or any other parameter for which the reflection was undertaken. This self reflection is based on the analysis of my communication skills which would help me in clarifying about the different skills which I have and which I lack. These could be assertiveness perception, active listening or verbal communications. In order to evaluate this, I would use certain diagnostic tools which have been presented to us through the tutorials. By undergoing this reflection, I would be able to improve upon my communication skills and this would be done through chalking out an action plan after conducting the literature review. In order to analyse my communication skills in different situations, I have used five different diagnostic tools. The first tool which was used by me was Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale and this depicts the manner in which the communication competence of the individuals is analysed by themselves, where they are faced with different communication circumstances and where they have a range of receivers (McCroskey McCroskey, 1998). The next tool which I used was Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension and this helps in calculating the feelings of a person towards the communication whereby the person is asked to analyse their diversified communication circumstances, along with the manner in which they would behave, when faced by one (Neuliep McCroskey, 1997). As a third diagnostic tool, I opted for Talkaholic Scale which helps in measuring the compulsive communications and helps in showing the competency of an individual on the basis of their nature of being a talkative one, or not (McCroskey Richmond, 1995). The next diagnostic tool being used for this self reflection was Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report which shows the immediacy of the individual with regards to their communication and shows the positivity of a person where they engage in non-verbal immediate behaviour with others (Richmond, McCroskey Johnson, 2003). The last tool used was the "Willingness to Listen which shows the orientation of a person towards listening, which is another important element when it comes to communication skills of a person (Richmond Hickson, 2001). After undergoing all the requirements of these five diagnostic tools, I was successfully able to analyse my communication style, along with my preferences which were highlighted from these. The first tool, i.e., Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale (SPCC) highlighted that I comfortable with friends and even with acquaintances but I do have a problem while communicating in the meetings. However, it also shows that even though I do not excel in public, but I am also not on the lower end of it. The second diagnostic tool which I used was Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA) which highlighted that I have low intercultural communication apprehensions, which shows that I am very comfortable in dealing with the people from different cultural or ethnic backgrounds. The third diagnostic tool, i.e., Talkaholic Scale depicted that I am not a talkaholic or a talkative person. This shows that I do not face a difficulty in keeping quite where I should and so , I am not a compulsive communicator. In the fourth diagnostic tool, i.e., in Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report (NIS-S), it was highlighted that I use a lot of nonverbal cues and shows that I am positive towards the other people. This shows that I can easily communicate in a non verbal manner with others, which is a difficulty I face when it comes to verbal communications, as highlighted through the first diagnostic tool. The final diagnostic tool, i.e., Willingness to Listen Diagnostic highlighted to me that I have a high willingness to listen to others as I attained a score of over 80. Based on my personal analysis, it becomes clear that I lack the confidence which is required for public speaking and that I overuse the nonverbal cues which can make the other people very awkward around me, particularly when they are not comfortable with such verbal cues. Even though my public speak anxiety lies in the middle range, but it does highlight that when it comes to public speaking, I become very anxious and prefer to even avoid it. This would become particularly problematic where my work requires me to talk to different people and give presentations. Also, an overuse of verbal cues can be taken as annoyance or could end up offending a person with smaller social boundaries and so, I need to learn to control my actions and also avoid overusing them. The reasons why I identified these two communication key issues can be further strengthened by the recent incidents which I had to bear. I am good at giving movie reviews to my friends and one of my friends asked me to give a movie review to his group of friends, as he was given this as an activity from his college. I had prepared a very good presentation and even the answers to the possible questions which can be raised by my friends group. But when I went to this group of strangers, I started mumbling and mixing up words. To make the matters worse, when the questions for which I was prepared to give the perfect answers were thrown at me, I could not even read those in front of this group, from my cue cards. My hands got shaky and cold and I just delivered my presentation somehow. Even my friend was shocked at this. And this shows that I need to work up on my public skills to avoid such situation from happening again. The other problem with my overuse of verbal skills was highlighte d to at a funeral where I was with my family members and close relatives. One of my cousins told me to control my hand gestures as I was being over the top with them, particularly given the situation and the sad environment. This not only made me conscious but also conformed with the diagnostic tool above, which shows that I use the non verbal cues quite often. Public speaking is a very common issue which is faced by not only students but also by the general population. As per North and Rivers (2001) the individuals, when are faced with the public speaking anxiety, more than often face a number of symptoms when dealt with a public speaking situation and this includes discomfort, confusion, sweating, palpitations, muscle tension and even gastrointestinal discomfort. Byrnely, Cross Spanos (1993) had highlighted that around eight five percent of the general population reported some or other level of anxiety when it came to public speaking. In this regard, Rossi and Seiler (1986) shed the light that stage fright and public speaking was something which was being studies and investigated since the middle of 1930s. Public speaking is often linked to the anxiety which one faces, and which denotes the state of apprehension and uneasiness, or a fear which results from the anticipation of something which is deemed as threatening. Scovel (1991) highli ghted that when the anxiety was facilitated, it results in positive effect over the performance of the learners and where the anxiety is too much, it results in poor performance. Speaking is deemed as a difficult task which leads to anxiety as per Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope (1991) and this is particularly true for the students when they have to speak in class for the anxious students. Such students face difficulty in making a differentiation between the structures and sounds and even in apprehending the meaning of simple words. There have been numerous literatures where it has been identified that there is an emotional predisposition towards public speaking as a reason for anxiety (Beatty, 1988; Beatty, Balfantz Kuwabara, 1989). Dunbar, Brooks and Miller (2006) highlighted that communication skills were a necessary part of the students to be successful in not only their college life but also at their work places. Woodrow (2006) identified two kinds of anxiety reactions, the first one was the psychological reasons and the second one was cognitive reaction. In the first kind, the body reacts, for instance, high heart rate, stammering or fidgeting. And in the se cond one, the brain reactions are increased, for instance, thinking irrelevant thoughts or such thoughts which are self-depreciating. The thoughts of an anxious person, shows negative thoughts, which leads to the person having a high level of anxiety. Jones (2004) highlighted that there was a need to facilitate this anxiety by helping the anxious person in learning the manner in which that particular hurdle could be overcome. So, once the job gets done, he identified, that the anxiety ended. Where the person is able to push them, for doing the task which they are anxious about, it could result in helping them in tackling their anxiety. Ohata (2005) identified that these facilitating effects would motivate the learners and would depend upon their perceptions and attitudes. Ohata also identified communication apprehension as a form of anxiety where the speaker forms a negative self perception which leads to their anxious behaviour. Woodrow (2006) based her study on inferring the anxiety in the oral communications. She identified that people would get butterflies in their stomach before speaking in public, or before giving a formal presentation and thus, there was a need to learn the manner in which the audience can be addressed with out fearing for something which might never happen, and even if it happens, would not have a devastating impact, as is being feared upon by the speaker. Marinho, Medeiros, Gama and Teixeira (2017) highlighted through their research that public speaking competence was a must for the business life and that this was a major element for the professional life of an individual to be successful, as fluent communication skills helps in establishing creditability. Similar results were attained in the research of Russ (2012) where they stated that with good communication skills, the interpersonal workplace relationships were enhanced with the staff, which included the key managerial personnel. Hence, the literature associated with public speaking clearly shows the need for harnessing this skill, if a person wants to succeed in their college life, and even in their future business life. Pease and Pease (2004) stated that the majority of researches agreed on the fact that the words are only used to convey the information and for negotiations, the body language is used. The non verbal communication shows what goes on in ones mind. So, a movement of hand shows the real feelings of an individual. For instance, if a person taps his table on the table, it shows that the person is waiting for something. Gamble and Gamble (2013) viewed that nonverbal communications were the actions done by human, which includes their appearances, space, smell, time, sound and even the use of objects. These can also be used to clarify the words or to make them change their meaning, for instance by winking at the end of a sentence. Butland (2012) identified the nonverbal communications as being complex, with different meanings. So one person could perceive a certain thing from an action, and the other one can perceive something else. Navarro and Kartins (2009) highlighted that at times the people are not even aware that they are communicating in a nonverbal manner and is done unconsciously. Gamble and Gamble (2013) also stated that these are even used to show displeasure when the deep emotions are not expressed through words. A slumped over posture and a scowl on your face can suggest that you are unhappy wile your clinched fist and tense muscles can communicate just how unhappy you might be. And so, in order to save from another person judging the first one, there is a need for the first person to learn and control the nonverbal communications, as there can be situation where the person speaks something but their gestures portrays something else, thus creating a conflict in the other persons mind, and resultin g in an un-surety and a lack of confidence towards the first person. Once these two communications had been prepared, I had to develop an action plan for the next six months, so that I could take the requisite steps towards overcoming the issues highlighted above. The first one in this regard is that I need to maintain a personal journal where I would track down whatever I did each day for the next six months. This would help me throwing a light on how I behaved and the progress I made after taking steps towards improving upon my public skills and the misuse of nonverbal skills. This journal would also help in pinpointing the issues which I am still facing and the things which I need to work upon for the future, particularly in my work life. I would also take up regular interaction with strangers and each week, I would try to interact with a minimum of one stranger and talk to them for five minutes. This would help me in getting over my communication apprehensions. I am also going to ask a person for being my mentor, so that they can oversee my progre ss on monthly basis. In this regard, I would ask (insert subject teacher name) to be my mentor for the next six months as (he) teaches communication skills and can best help me in this matter. I would also undertake a habit of writing a memo every week for the first two months, based on a book I read related to improving my shortfalls. In the last two months, I would communicate with my mentor to give a chance to speak before a crowd in the university itself, on weekly basis so that I could address my fears. Also, I would be attending the cultural fest being organized by my relative next month, where I would get a chance to interact with a number of people and would try to control my nonverbal communications on one hand, and would be working on improving upon my verbal communications without being anxious. The success of this would be measured by my friend (insert name of friend) and my (father/ mother) who would analyse my communications and give me feedback on whether there has been an improvement from the present day. These activities have been effectively chalked out through the use of Gantt chart, covering the action plan which I would follow for the next six months. Gantt Chart depicting Action Plan Nov-17 Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-17 Journal Memo Mentor Presenting before crowd Cultural Fest Weekly interaction with strangers The best manner of evaluating my overall progress, after the completion of six months, I would ask my fellow classmates to give me feedback, along with the other subject teachers and the guidance counsellors as they are in the best situation to give me the feedback. Apart from this feedback, I would also request them to give me the suggestions and the shortfalls which they think are still present, and which I may have failed in analysing here, so that I could improve upon these, not just to have a better corporate future, but also to have a personal growth. References Beatty, M. J., Balfantz, G. L., Kuwabara, A. Y. (1989). Trait-like qualities of selected variables assumed to be transient causes of performance state anxiety. Communication Education, 38, 277-289. Beatty, M.J., Friedland, M. H. (1990). Public speaking state anxiety as a function of selected situational and predispositional variables. Communication Education, 39, 142-147. Burnley, M., Cross, P., Spanos, N. (1993). The effects of stress inoculation training and skills training on the treatment of speech anxiety. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 12, 355-366. Butland, M. (2012). Achieving Communication Competence: An Introduction to Human Communication. Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. Dunbar, N., Brooks, C. Kubica-Miller, T. (2006). Oral Communication Skills in Higher Eduation: Using a Performance-Based Evaluation Rubric to Assess Communication Skills. Inovative Higher Education, 31(2). Gamble, T.K., Gamble, M.W. (2013). Interpersonal Communication: Building Connections Together. London: Sage Publishing. Horwitz, E. K., M. B. Horwitz and J. A. Cope (1991). "Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety" in E. K. Horwitz and D. J. Young, Language Anxiety, 27-39. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jones J.F. (2004). A Cultural Context for Language Anxiety. EA (English Australia), 21(2), 30-39 Marinho, A. C. F, Mesquita de Medeiros, A., Gama A. C. C, Teixeira, L. C. (2017). Fear of public speaking: perception of college students and correlates. Journal of Voice, 31(1), 127.e7127.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.012 McCroskey, J. C., McCroskey, L. L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5, 108-11. McCroskey, J.C., Richmond, V.P .(1995). Correlates of compulsive communication: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Communication Quarterly, 43, 39-52. Navarro, J., Kartins, M. (2009). What Every BODY is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agents Guide to Speed-Reading People. New York: Harper Collins. Neuliep, J. W., McCroskey, J. C. (1997). The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports, 14, 385-398. North, M., Rives, J. (2001). Virtual reality therapy in aid of public speaking. International Journal of Virtual Reality, 3, 2-7. Ohata K. (2005). Language Anxiety From the Teachers Perspective: Interviews With Seven Experienced ESL/EFL Teachers. Journal of Language and Learning, 3(1), 133-155 Pease, B., Pease, A. (2004). The Definitive Book of Body Language. New York: Bantam. Richmond, V. P., Hickson, M. III. (2001). Going public: A practical guide to public talk. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Richmond, V. P., McCroskey, J. C., Johnson, A. D. (2003). Development of the nonverbal immediacy scale (NIS): Measures of self- and other-perceived nonverbal immediacy. Communication Quarterly, 51, 502-515. Rossi, A., Seiler, W. (1989). The comparative effectiveness of systematic desensitization and an integrative approach in treating public speaking anxiety: a literature review and a preliminary investigation. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 49-66. Russ, T. L. (2013). The Influence of Communication Apprehension on Superiors' Propensity for and Practice of Participative Decision Making. Communication Quarterly, 61(3), 335- 348. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2013.776989 Scovel, T. (1991). "The Effect of Affect on Foreign Language Learning: A Review of the Anxiety Research" in E. K. Horwitz and D. J. Young, Language Anxiety, 101-108. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328.

Leadership and Change Management of Woolsworth †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Change Management of Woolsworth. Answer: Research Methodology The three major types of research philosophies used for conducting a research are positivism, realism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy allows the researcher to conduct the research based on the quantifiable observation that eventually helps in statistical analysis of the data (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). Realism philosophy provides an opportunity of continuous researching due to the fact that scientific methods can be imperfect at times. Interpretivism philosophy deals with observations using a particular philosophy of studying the concepts of individuals rather than scientific methods (Yanow Schwartz-Shea, 2015). In the case of this research, the researcher has used positivism philosophy as this provided an opportunity of using factual knowledge and testing of the research aim and objectives in a scientific and statistical manner. Therefore, this will help in evaluating the changes and impact of the leadership skills of Woolsworth CEO on the organisation due to continuous changes in the environment. Research Approach Deductive and inductive are the two most widely used research approaches used by researchers while conducting the research. As commented by Clapham et al., (2012), the concept of deductive approach highlights deducing observations and conclusions based on the previously existing concepts and literatures. This helps in achieving the research aim and objectives by supporting from existing literatures. On the contrary, in the case of inductive approach, new theories and concepts are developed based on the observations of the research. As a result, the researcher emphasises more on observations rather than research questions. In this case, the researcher has used a deductive approach as this is most suitable for positivism philosophy. Moreover, the use of deductive approach has also provided an opportunity to test the role of leadership of the Woolsworth CEO and support the observation with previously existing concepts and literatures. Research Design Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory are the three widely used research designs while conducting a research. Explanatory design emphasises more on explaining the reasons of the phenomenon along with the predictions of future occurrences. As mentioned by Creswell (2013), exploratory design evaluates the issues, hypothesis testing and clarifying different concepts related to the topic. However, in the case of descriptive design, a detailed analysis and descriptive study is conducted including both exploratory and explanatory designs. In the case of this current research, descriptive design has been used as this provides an opportunity to clarify the aim and objective of the topic. This will also allow understanding the challenges faced by the Woolsworth CEO while implementing the leadership styles within the organisation. Data Collection Method The two main types of data collection methods are primary and secondary data collection methods. Secondary data collection includes information collected from books and journals. On the contrary, primary data is collected by both qualitative and quantitative methods (Sullivan-Bolyai, Bova Singh, 2012). In this case, qualitative data collection methods have been used in order to understand the impact of leadership on the organisations and its effect due to continuous environmental changes. Sampling Method Probability and non-probability are the two sampling methods used in the case of researches. As mentioned by Cohen, Manion Morrison (2013), probability sampling is the method of sampling that selects the participants randomly. This provides an equal opportunity for the participants to be selected. On the contrary, in the case of non-probability, the participants have no idea of being selected. The participants are selected arbitrarily. In this case, probability sampling technique has been used as Woolsworth CEO are chosen to understand the impact of leadership. Research Strategy There are different types of research strategies that are generally selected based on the kind of research. The different types of research strategies are case study, action research, survey and interviews. In this case, interview has been selected as the research strategy as this has provided an opportunity of developing a deeper understanding of the impact of change in leadership that ultimately helped Woolsworth in gaining competitive advantage in Australian market. Ethical Consideration Ethical considerations have to be followed while conducting a research. According to the ethical considerations, the participants have to participate willingly rather than forcefully to be a part of the research. Moreover, the identity of the participants has to be kept confidential and cannot be disclosed without their consent (Ritchie et al., 2013). Leadership traits: The CEO of Woolworths is responsible for the implementation of both short-term and long-term plans of the company. Woolworths CEO has unveiled his long-term strategies for the food and liquor department with the motive of restoring sales growth up to 4%. While in case of short-term strategies, Woolworths CEO had suggested implementation of a new SAP system so that the reduced sales in the food department due to changes in the Chinese import laws could be solved. The CEO of Woolworths expects the implementation of the new SAP system shall assist in reducing the out-of-stock levels. Woolworths CEO focuses on fixing the basic issues such as high turnover of employees and the out-of-stock levels. The major change brought by Woolworths CEO was implementation of gender equaliy. According to Woolworths CEO, gender equality shall be ensured only with pay equalities. Woolworths had approximately 16000 employees who work full time and the gender pay gap was around 0.5% which the CEO wanted to eradicate. This was necessary to equalise the pay of the women working in Woolworths. Woolworths also aimed at increasing the number of indigenous employees. Woolworths CEO aimed at having the percentage of indigenous staff equivalent to the percentage of indigenous people in the Australian population. The CEO aimed at having 3500 indigenous members in the team. The major aim of including the indigenous staff is to increase the retention rate of the employees. Woolworths CEO also aimed at reducing the food wastes in the operations by associating with charity organizations and providing food to the homeless. This defines the leadership qualities of the Woolworths CEO (Du et al., 2013). Contingency model of leadership: The Fiedlers contingency model of leadership effectiveness lays stress on the relationship between leadership and the performance of the organization. According to the contingency theory, it becomes necessary to assess the leader according to the traits and situations faced by the leader in order to ensure group effectiveness. Considering the need, a least preferred co-worker (LPC) scale was developed and the leaders were asked about the person least likely to work with. The effectiveness of leadership is determined by the leadership style and the favourableness of the situation. Leadership challenges faced by Woolworths: The following are the leadership challenges faced by the company: Supermarket: Woolworths is required to increase its sales and redefine the perception around prices. The sales of the supermarket has witnessed a downfall while Coles sales increased considerably. The earnings of Woolworths collapsed due to the need of cutting down the prices in order to win back the customers. The investors have also been waiting since a long time to witness improvement in the conditions of the company. Therefore, a great challenge lies for the CEO of Woolworths to restore the sales of the supermarket. Restoring market confidence: The CEO of Woolworths faces the biggest challenge of restoring the lost market confidence of the supermarket as it faces tough competition from its competitors. A great responsibility lies with the CEO of Woolworths to rectify the wrong past blunders of themanagement in terms of public relations and ad-hoc strategies. Replacement: The major leadership challenge for the CEO of Woolworths is to find out his own replacement who will be able to manage the company efficiently. Make the business competitive again: The challenge lies with the CEO of Woolworths to make the company competitive again as it used to be the supermarket giant in the past (Maak, Pless Voegtlin, 2016). Conclusion: Therefore, the leadership style to be adopted must be of a collaborator. Equal emphasis must be laid on the task as well as the people. High expectations must be set and the area of concern must be the results. The leader must engage the employees in the decision-making processes to make them feel wanted and important in the organization. The major focus should be on win-win solutions so that Woolworths is able to restore its position within a short span of time. The win-win solution emphasizes on finding a solution that is accepted by both the parties involved. In such a situation, both the parties are the winners and they feel satisfied as they are mutually benefitted from the decision (Gnzel-Jensen et al., 2017). The leader must encourage responsibility in the organization so that the members work as a team in the establishment of the objectives of the organization and achieving common goals. Improvement in the performance of the employees enhances the efficiency of the CEO. This enhancement has the capability of bringing development in the leadership skills of Woolworth CEO. This development has deep correlation with the tag of great man, which enhances the individuality of the CEO (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013). Therefore, it can be concluded that a good leadership style and behaviour can bring massive changes in the overall profitability of an organization. References Baskerville, R. L., Wood-Harper, A. T. (2016). A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Clapham, M., Nevin, O. T., Ramsey, A. D., Rosell, F. (2012). 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