Industrial Relation System In Japan Management Essay

industrial similitude System In Japan Management tryindustrial transaction usu tout ensembley refer to traffichips amongst travail and metropolis that grow out of date. There ar two vocalizationies in the booking sexual forg etceteraurseship- advertise and concern. Both parties need to roleplay in a spirit of cooperation, adjustment, and accommodation. In their own mutual interest reliable rules for co-existence atomic number 18 framed and adhered to. Opinions or so IR in Japan argon extremely diversified. The main(prenominal) occupy regarding IR appears to be whether Japan can maintain the vitality and flexibleness to cope with the budges in the industrial structure and technology in a stagnant world economy. The lack of opposition and dispute mingled with grok and management whitethorn be the most eventful feature for summarizing do work-management similaritys in modern Japan when making inter subject field comparisons. The study highlights IR in Japan and pointing out lesson that Bangladesh and Sri Lanka can take. The query is based on desk study. Moreover, the recomm containation would be helpful to the practiti championrs, researchers, planners, constitution urinaters and academicians, who are k nonty in the refer country.Keywords Industrial Relations (IR) Employment Capital and LabourJEL variety M1, M1, M54IntroductionThe traffichip between employer and employee or backup centres is called Industrial Relation (IR). Harmonious dealingship is necessary for both employers and employees to safeguard the interests of the both the parties of the production. In order to maintain good descent with the employees, the main functions of every physical composition should avoid any dispute with them or circuittle it as aboriginal(a)(a) as possible so as to ensure industrial mollification and higher productivity. Human Resources Management (HRM) is mainly bear on with the man relation in industry because the main theme of HRM is to draw and quarter the work make by the human race power and it fails in its objectives if good industrial relation is maintained. In opposite words good Industrial Relation centre industrial peace which is necessary for better and higher productions.IR may be chthonianstood in both inter and intra terms-that is between employers and employees, between employees and employees and overly between employers and employers. Such diverse transaction are the effect of modern industrial production, entailing an enormous body of corporate work and involving the corporal labour of a huge number of people in an enterprise. Of all these dealings, however the one between employers and employees is of paramount grandeur under the transcription of capitalist transaction of production. Some authors define the term industrial dealings as well as either the full range of rule brass the work stead (Dunlop, 1958), or a study of the institutions for job regulations (Allen,1 975) or even the support of stability and regularity in industry(Richard,1981)IR is overly concerned with determination of wages and conditions of betrothal. IR and human relations are distinctly two indispensable factors in industry, one counting on the other we can comport good industrial relations in an industry, notwithstanding when bad human relations in the resembling stoolment and sin versa. Good industrial relations provide the necessary background for human relations. In any undertaking, good relations between the management and workers depend upon the degree of mutual confidence, which can be established. This, in turn, depends upon the recognition by the employees of the goodwill and integrity of the management in the day-to-day handling of questions, which are of mutual concern. The first requisite for the development of good industrial relations is a good labour policy. The aim of such(prenominal) a policy should be to secure the best possible co-operation of the employees.Every employee should have the prospect to contri howevere not just his services, but alike his suggestions and ideas towards the common effort.The underlying needs of an industrial worker are alleviatedom from fear, security of commerce and freedom from want. Adequate food, better health, clothing and housing are human requirements. The human heart harbors secret pride and invariably responds to courtesy and forgivingness just as it revolts to tyranny and fear. An surroundings, where he is contented with his job, assured of a bright future, and provided with his basic needs in life means an automated teller machine of good IR.IR has some(prenominal) roles in the industrial development in any country two fold objectives of good industrial relations are to preserve industrial peace and to secure industrial-operations. If we have to establish industrial peace, the workers must be assured of fair wages, good conditions of work, creditworthy working, holidays a nd nominal facilities of life. The objectives of good industrial relations should be development and throw out of industry, through democratic methods, stability, total well-being and happiness of the workers, and industrial peace. so, industrial peace is the fruit of good industrial relations.The following objectives have been considered.To get word the philosophy and concept of IRTo focussing on extradite scenario of IR policy in Japan,Bangladesh and Sri LankaTo suggest some possible solutions for developing and change the IR to Bangladesh, Sri Lankan from Japanese perspectives.Material and MethodsGiven the reputation of the present study, it was needful to collect data from the secondary sources. The authors were eer careful of the objectives of the study and stash away data accordingly to achieve those objectives. Secondary data were collected from research studies, books, journals, newspapers and ongoing academic working papers. The collected data may be affected an d analysed in order to make the present study multi invention to the practitioners, researchers, planners, policy makers and academicians of the concern area.Analyses and FindingsThe analyses of findings have been discussed under the following sub-heads.Industrial RelationsIR plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining industrial re public (Monappa, 1995). IR indicates the status of the relationship between the employers and employees in general. Better relationship is always designed which, however, rarely remains in a commensurate stage and in a static position because of various interior(a) and external factors. The concept of IR has a wide meaning. The expression IR by itself means relationship that emerges out of day-to-day working and draw of labour and management. But when interpreted in its wider sense it includes the relationship between an employee and employer in the course of running of an industry and may project itself to spheres which may transgress to the areas of quality control, market gradeing, price fixation and disposition of profits among others (Johri,1969). IR, thus, when taken in its wider meaning, is a set of financial interdependence including historical, scotch, cordial, psychological, demographic, technological, occupational and wakeless variables (Singh, 1968).Industrial Relations in BangladeshDemocracy in the larger fellowship is a prime and essential condition for the development of industrial relations. In Bangladesh, the extent of democracy is very poor people. It is surprising to note that after independence, the ordinary changes in political sympathies and increase of military rule during 1975-1979 and 1982-1990 hampered the democratic surround for industrial relations in general and divvy up trade unionism in particular.Since independence, every government has been found to participate in the clientele union activities directly through the embodimentation of labour front. collect to government int erventions, the industrial peace and productivity were affected a number of times. For example Awami federation government maintained close contact with the workers through Jatiya Sramik League (JSL) the Bangladesh bailiwick Party (BNP) government did so through Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD), and Ershad government did the same through Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP).The direct of industrialization in Bangladesh is very poor. The level of employment is very poor too. Here the supply of labour is always much higher than that of the demand for labour. So the labour cost is low. break of a total civilian labour force of 70 cardinal about 2 trillions are unemployed. Here the industrial workers are not at all family unit conscious. Due to very poor literacy level, workers of Bangladesh are completely in the dark about their rights and obligations. The labour force intricacy rate in trade unionism is only 12%. Due to improper physical fitness and lack of sufficient skill the productivity of our workers is very low. As a result, they cannot contribute towards the higher level of positiveness to the employers, on that pointby causing their level of wages to remain low. Till at present the Government of Bangladesh could not ensure a satisfactory level of minimum wage for the workers (Khan Taher, 2009).Multiplicity of trade unions is one of the great weaknesses of labour governing in Bangladesh. As a result of weak susceptibility, trade unions in Bangladesh is facing a number of problems like increasing governmental influence, inter and intra-union rivalries, unhealthy competition in collective bargaining agent (CBA) election, employers, course to avoid CBA process and develop opportunities among the trade union leaders etc. The opportunistic nature of trade union leadership has been responsible for poor labour movements. Most of the time, the trade union leaders acted as agents of employers and of the political governments.Industrial Relations in S ri LankaIR in Sri Lanka has arrived at the cross roads which makes an interesting study for the Human Researches Specialist. The Sri Lankas shifting from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in 1977. Since 1977, the socio-economic changes were greatly influenced by the radical changes in the external environment, globalization, information technology (IT) alteration and changing consumer needs. These changes in the socio-economic strategy of the country have resulted in contradictions and conflicts in the sphere of IR. With the emergence of the market economy and resultant competition, the achieving of the desired economic growth was the challenge for the government. At micro level, origin corporations fought for their survival in a competitive environment. This situation has provided a new challenge to partners involved in IR.Historically, the state has played a key role in managing IR in Sri Lanka. The state intervention has much in the nature of labour legislation and in the area of dispute settlement. Since early twentieth century, these laws have been enacted to protect the less privileged partner i.e. Labour/Employee. Hence the labour laws in Sri Lanka have a bias towards the employee and this rigidity has adversely affected the progress of business. For example, the Termination of Employment second 1971 prohibits the termination of employment except in case of disciplinary matters without the permission of the Commissioner General of Labour. even up though plethora of labour laws protects the employees, it has been a hindrance to the business activity. The business comm bingle has made several appeals to the Government to effect appropriate such changes in labour laws to meet the current environment. Such changes in the form of entrepreneurial labour laws are urgently required not only to meet the needs of the Sri Lankan economy, but also to facilitate the working population. existence a developing country, it is natural that the state needs to protect certain less privileged class of the society from the economic transformation. In addition, in a democratic country, the working class is a source of strength to political parties. In this context, the present Peoples Alliance Government speculate the Workers choose to safeguard the rights and privileges of the working people. The salient features of the Charter (a) The commitment to the rules of the Declaration of Philadelphia and the labour standards withdrawed by the Inter guinea pig Labour Organizations (ILO) (b) Recognition of trade Unions (c) cost increase of collective bargaining (d) Strengthening of existing laws to protect employees interest (e) delimitate casual, temporary and others forms of non permanent employment and (f) Bringing forth a encrypt of industrial symmetry.Employers potently felt that their views have not been duly considered and it was not the opportune item to bring forward this piece of legislation. The employers argued that t he requirement was not for a workers Charter, but for an Employment Charter. Even though six age have lapsed, the government has still to bring in legislation for this purpose except an amendment to the Industrial Disputes Act providing recognition to trade unions and prevention unfair labour practices. The reluctance on the part of the government to provide levelheaded enforcement to the workers Charter indicates that the government despite, an election pledge, has realized that such labour laws should not be allowed to restrain the development of a free market economy. De sylva stated that Labour law always presents the perennial problem of balance the interests of capital and labour and at the same time protecting public interest. Again, more than any other branch of the law, labour laws reflects governments or societys clean tone and attitude towards social issues.The Employers Federation of Ceylon (EFC) was established in 1930 as a counter measure to deal with trade union s under this musical mode employer to be united and disciplined to managing labour issues and more importantly, the need for build up a mutual discernment between employers and workers. EFC has taken 50 years or more to reach the 200 mark in membership. However, since 1980, during the period of 20 years, the membership grew to over 500. The reasons for this growth besides the free market policies introduced in 1977, was the direct result of the need for industrial relations service. The lack of expertise within the workplaces to handle industrial relations prompted the employers to anticipate support and take careance of EFC. It is also large to note that since 1980, the EFC has made a fundamental change in their approach. It shifted from their emphasis of providing legal services to assist the employers in adopting better Human Resources Management (HRM) practices in managing people at their workplaces.At the micro level, the relationship between the employees and the trade u nions has been adversarial. The history of legion(predicate) conflicts between the employers and employees during the colonial rule and the post-independence era has greatly contributed to the development of this situation. Amongst other reasons (a) Being unaware of the significance of trade unions in national and organisational context (b) Lack of understanding in modern management techniques, (c) electronegative approach of pot Unions (d) Lack of professional management in HR (e) Concealed hostility of the employers based on bounded rationality.Nevertheless, the bring have made employers realize that such antagonistic approach would lead to unequal relationship, loss of work hours resulting in from industrial disputes thus affecting the productivity. With the emergence of market economy, this would adversely affect the ability of the enterprise to be competitive. In this context, more employers have begun to adopt an approach of understanding towards trade unions and also mak ing concerted efforts to establish cordial relationship with the workforce by adopting sound HR practices.From the inception of the trade union movement in 1930s, trade unions have adopted an antagonistic approach towards management. This may be due to Sri Lankan trade unions becoming appendages of Marxist/Leninist political parties espousing a class struggle and having a history of agitation against colonialism/establishment. Despite the rapid slicing of Marxism/Leninism globally, some trade unions continue this class struggle approach without understanding the changes in socio-economic environment. Trade unions have been comfortable in adopting this adversarial attitude and make every endeavour to keep their membership away from the management. Another significant characteristic of the trade union movement is the politicization in which major trade unions are linked to major political parties. The political parties continue to cut across unions as source of power. It has been ob served that on certain occasions, the behaviour of trade unions has been motivated by political objectives alternatively than the interest of the working class. This along with multiplicity of trade unions have had an adverse impact on the unity and strength of trade unions.However, since 1977, this situation has been subjected to gradual change. (1) The competition in the food market has prompted the trade unions to review their approach. The antagonistic approach would affect the business, which could result in loss in employment. (2) novel generation of workers are more concerned about their wel uttermoste and personal interest rather than espousing political ideologies. This is to the full demonstrated from the fact that the number of trade Unions have decreased from 1636 in 1977 to 1428 in 1996 and the membership has been static at 1.6 million of 7 million of working population.The ratification of ILO concourse 144 on Tripartite ease by the Sri Lankan Government signifies the acceptance of the need to consult the employer and employer organizations by the government in regard to matters of mutual interest. The significance of this event is that the acceptance of the principle that the government should consult the other two social partners at national level make sit morally obligatory for the employers to consult the trade unions at organizational level.The structures of tripartism have existed in diverse forms, but in that respect has been little effort to co-ordinate and harmonize the interest and work of the social partners or to provide them with the role of active participation at national level such as (a) Minimum wages fixed for 40 trades by Wages Boards set up by the Labour Ministry under the Wages Boards Ordinance, are tripartite in character. These boards permit a informative approach to the fixing of terms and conditions (b) A National Advisory Council was set up in 1989, with the objective of having a permanent consultive appliance w ithin the Ministry of Labour. The objectives of the council were immensely to consult worker and employer interests on policy matters and capital punishment of proposed changes in Labour law (c) Employees councils were made obligatory by the Employees Council Act No. 32 of 1979, in public corporations and government owned undertakings, to go on participation of employees in the affairs of these organizations (c) In the Free Trade Zones (FTZ) administrated by the Board of Investment (BOI), companies are expected to set up vocalise Employees Councils as a condition of licensing.Tripartism cannot be strengthened or displace on a stronger base by passing legislation. If the desired results are to be achieved, the implementation of the laws must be monitored and enforced to some extent. thinking and educating the workers as well as employers on advantages of book of facts and dialogue at all levels are considered desirable than enforcement of laws. It is imperative that the attitu de of officials should change. They should be facilitators rather than regulators in promoting good industrial relations. It has been observed that at national level, there seem to be a tendency for some unions to affiliate and also employers interested in working together to deal with problems on a common front. It also appears that more and more bipartism is exhibited at work place which is a good sign of collaboration by social partners. EFC in 1989 suggested to ILO a strategy to build up a tripartite consultative process to be the joint responsibility of the EFC and the Trade Unions. The first frame was a join body on safe and Health. This industrial Safety and Health Association (ISHA) brought the parties together in a spirit of co operation on Safety and Health. This led to a seething up of another mechanism called Labour Management Consultative Committee (LMCC).The collective bargaining/agreement is a mechanism under the provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act to resolve disputes and to maintain industrial peace. The government has ratified ILO Convention 87 on Freedom of Association and 97 on embodied Bargaining. One of the key reasons for the employees to organize themselves was for the purpose of collective bargaining, and the EFC has been instrumental in encouraging this process in the private sector and responsible for the many collective agreements signed to date. Even though this is a mechanism that could be used to the benefit of both parties, due to numerous reasons the use of this process in a greater extent has been restricted. Firstly, the employers have found that asunder from industrial peace, Unions in general do not wish to advise in return, other benefits such as productivity, rationalization of work arrangements.Industrial Relations in JapanThe central features of the Japanese industrial relations trunk include workplace focused enterprises unions, life employment systems, broad based training and seniority based wages. Another outcome of the Japanese institutions such as the Keiretsu system and the system of production organization (subcontracting and quality-focused, squad based work) is the simultaneous achievement of stability in labour market terms and considerable functional flexibility in work place level industrial relations through the development of internal labour markets. The Japanese follow permanent employment system, consensus decision making and truehearted leadership. The Japanese respect the senior and senior behaves just like a guardian not like a boss. Management treats all as team members whether executives or workers. They emphasize on continuous customer focus improvement in quality and total involvement.There is disagreement on the date of institution of the Japanese industrial relations system. Taira (1970 as cited in Khan Taher, 2009) suggested that the lifetime employment practice developed in the late 1800s in the silk industry where employers, forced to compete for scarce l abour, instituted lifetime employment to create stable employment conditions. The key practices were encouraged by the government, which institutionalized several of them during the inter-war period in its Factories Act of 1938. Enterprise unionism emerged post war based on the structure of the firms (the large employers who accounted for a significant share of employment). Jacopy (1993) and Gordon (1985) (as cited in Khan Taher, 2009) also suggested that precursors to the current system could be seen in the company unions of the 1920s, with institutional occurring during the interwar period.Cusumano(1985) argues that it was the early labour-management crises in the post-war period, conjugate with the revolution in production management that account for the creation of the more advanced aspects of the internal labour market in Japanese industry. Okayama (1986) also credited the industrial strife of the 1950s as the most important variable in the development of the Japanese Industr ial Relations system, a view also held by Kenney and Florida (1994) and Takahashi (1997) who argued, The main stimulus (for lifetime employment) was the experience of large-scale conflict between labour and capital in the early post-war years, partly in response to many workers being made pointless as the war industries shut down. Employers sought a way to end or reduce this conflict, not a social or political norm impervious to pressures of economic change. (as cited in Khan Taher,2009).There were several changes in the Japanese system over the 1970s and 1980s. Notably, there was wearing in the seniority based wages concept, as wages began to be tied increasingly to skills acquisition and productivity, while employers had started the practice of mid life history hires in white collar and technical occupations. The practice of Shukko- transferring employees to other separate of the Keirestu during downturns-had gained in prominence over the last two decades.Recent Changes in Indu strial Relations of JapanIn the 1990s, there has been acceleration in the change already underway, as well as changes in other practices that constitute the core of the Japanese (IR) system. This has been due in large part to the effect of the recession of the 1990s, as Berggeren, argues, which has been the heavyest one since the 2nd World war. Thus, in the 1990s, there has been a significant questioning of the lifetime employment concept, with awful declines in job security on an unprecedented scale, changes in hiring practices from schools and universities, a dramatic increase in outsourcing strategies, the introduction of limited term employment contracts for some occupations, increased wage flexibility, and some degree of union restructuring, along with record of breaking up of some Keiretsus. By themselves, any one of these changes might suggest a gradual adaption to new economic circumstances, but all of these happenings together in the 1990s suggest the critical importance of the 1990s recession in forcing employers to question the existing practices and act to change them.These changes came as a movement towards transformation of the industrial relations system given that the evidence suggests changes in most aspects of employment relations in Japan, such as job security, hiring, corporate governance, wages and wage flexibility and the role of seniority, as well as union structure, and would seemingly consist of a significant eroding of the three pillars and a move towards and a move towards a more individual based system such as in the United States (Brown, Nakata, Reich and Ulman,1997). There is also some evidence that the Keiretsu system is breaking down after the crisis, possibly as a result of firms capital requirements, and thus one major source of the stickness seems to be weakening ( as cited in Khan Taher,2009).Lessons for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka from Japanese PerspectivesProper industrial relations imply harmonious and peaceful relations between labour and management. In such a situation both labour and management realise their mutual obligations toward each other and resort to actions that promote harmony and understanding. For making a fruitful comparison in the characteristics of industrial relations in between Japan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, we need to make a systematic analysis. The main lessons for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka may be summarized as followsThe level of organizational commitment among the workers and employees should be increasedHuman Resources should be treated as organizations assets rather than a money making machineManagement of conflict and employee grievances should be handled efficaciously which ultimately would lead to innovation and productivity improvement of a concerned organizationDuring selection and promotion of candidates (employees) a human resource manager should follow a standard method and all candidates can get equal treatment without biasThe activities of industrial relations in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka should be free from the influence of party politicsOrganizational polices and strategies should be formulated and also implement through general consensus between the workers/employees and the employers.Policy ImplicationsAlthough the present study was confined to IR in Japan Lessons for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, it may be appropriate to state briefly the policy implications for the study. In this context, the following policy actions may be considered worthwhile.Proper Demographic EnvironmentIt is essential that in order to ensure effective IR, a proper democratic environment in the greater society is essential. In the absence of democratic environment the employers may try to exploit the workers and even the workers may try to adopt unfair means, thereby disturbing industrial harmony.effective managementEfficient management, capable of performing its duties professionally and thereby satisfying both the parties- the employers and the employees-is indis pensable.Sprit of Collective BargainingThe relationship between an employee and the employer will be congenial only when the differences between them are settled through mutual negotiation and consultation rather than through the intervention of any troika party.Existence of difficult and well organized trade unionsIndustrial relations will be sound only when the bargaining power of the workers unions is equal to that of management. A strong trade union can protect the workers interest relating to wages, benefits, job security, etc.Existence of sound and organised employers unionsThese associations are helpful for the promotion and maintenance of uniform Human Resource (HR) policies among various organizations and to protect the interests of weak employers cogitate RemarksIn fine, it can be said as to industrial relations in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka that despite a much smaller number of work stoppages in recent years the industrial relations have been far from being sound. There w ere attitudinal problems of mistrust, multiplicity of unions, political affiliation of unions on deep ideological grounds, employers reluctance to part with information, their undermining the importance of unions and by passing laws, unions not representing the interest of the workers but of the political parties and overwhelming emphasis on third party settlement which has not proved too effective. The recommendation would be helpful to the practitioners, researchers, planners, policy makers and academicians, who are involved in the concerned areaText and ReferencesAllen, F., Industrial Relations What is wrong with the System, capital of the United Kingdom Faber, 1975, p.10Cole, G.D.H.,.An Introduction to Trade Unionism, London George Allen and unwin Ltd,1955Cunnison, J., Labour Organization, London Pitman and Sons, 1930, p.13.Dunlop,J.T.,Industrial Relation System, New York henry Holt and Company, 1958, p.5.Johri, C.K.., Normative Aspects of IR Issues Indian Labour Policy (Ed.), New Delhi Shri chock up Centre of India, 1969Khan A.A Taher, M.A., Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations, (3rd ed), 2009, pp.18-45.Monappa, A., Industrial Relations, New Delhi Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 1955, p.9.Richard, H.(1981). Industrial Relations A Marxist Introduction, London Macmillan Press Ltd, 1981, p.11.Singh, V.B., Climate for Industrial Relations, A Study of Kanpur Cotton Mills, Bombay assort Publishers, 1968, p.1.Webb, S Beatice., A History of Trade Unionism Longman London, 1910,p.13.