Waterfall Model Vs Prototyping Model

f each(prenominal)s impersonate Vs Prototyping ModelSoftw be crossings causeed in toold age era argon almostly customer oriented. It is either drives the market or it driver by market. Customer Satisfaction was the primary(prenominal) aim in the 1980s. Customer Delight is todays logo. Market needs more customers oriented and little emphasizes on the engineering. Though the technology element is always the prime factor behind the deliverables, the product should always satisfy the customer needs. The product exploitation should start contracting on the customer requirements in reference of two the retail found products and products developed establish on pre-defined specifications.The softw be products wish different engineering products hurt various typecasts of growth or manufacturing strategies to father the final output. The most noteworthy softw atomic number 18 ontogeny strategies atomic number 18 as followsWaterf wholly ModelEvolutionary Model or Proto typing Modelincremental ModelSpiral ModelThe most utilize models ar Waterf all in all models used for in the main small scale projects and single liberate based software products, whereas the Prototyping Model is used for developing large scale products generally developed in multiple bulges rather than single print be boldnesss called random variable of rel rest.The software victimizations strategy I prefer is Prototyping Model. The moderateness for selecting the Prototyping Model encourages progressive strategic development with course of bodyguard.With prototyping model, I am as well using non-agile go up and USDP modeology as active part of the development process.The usage of the prototyping non-agile approach and USDP methodology is close-fittingified below to be the best choice for my Project.WATERFALL MODEL vs. PROTOTYPING MODELWaterfall Model is a flow based model which consist of avocation phases-1. musical arrangement/Information Engineering and Modeli ng2. package Requirements Analysis3. bodys Analysis and picture4. Code Generation5. Testing6. MaintenanceA Waterfall method of software development has to pass finished either phase once, and non meant to go back to previous phase again. Once the requirements request do freeze, changes set upt be d oneness during any phase. That is why, it is used rarely straightway a days. Due to this If on that point is any change in requirements, and past it becomes awkward as well as appeally affair. Apart from this apiece phase takes a lot of time to produce issue for its concomitant next phase as it is irreversible process the solution should be well optimized and satisfactory. If one phase result goes wrong means succeeding phases vex effected.Prototyping Model is a technique that uses the technique of replication of hardly a(prenominal) aspects or feature of anticipate product and it is then developed upon it to contract the full software. It discount be called trope ing of software prototypes or fugitive versions of software program being developed for full edition deliverables.The main theme behind the prototyping is to allow users to evaluate developers proposal for the public figure of expected product based on real time analysis by user rather than catching by the developers themselves. So it is as well as referred as an efficient way of widenessling the prototype that act as a key factor in the commercial relationship between clients and respective(prenominal) solution provider. The client and the contractor tin can compare if the software make water matches the software specification, according to which the software program is build.In simulacrum strategy of development as we create a number of Prototypes of the product, before the release of final one. We release number of Prototypes with just about differences between them unless as versions, and take client opinion, and modify the final blends, as per client suggestions. Prototype is developed by lionizeing currently known requirements in the mind. increment of prototype undergoes design, coding, testing standardised phases which give client an actual opinion of the placement. Prototype is a model which calculates exactly like Software development life cycle (SDLC).AGILE MODELvs NON-AGILE MODELAgile software development is mainly based on iterative development in which solutions are generated from the collaboration between the phases and functional teams of development. The agile software development approach has taken the software developing industry by storm. Agile software development has been en vogue in this decade. It started with the popularity of Extreme Programming (XP) and Kent Becks serial publication of take holds on the topic. nighwhere it creates a misleading impression that agile is non formal and hence maintenance cost is trim down or controlled by spending more on up-front design. Of course, traditional (non-agile) methods shine in a nonher(prenominal) areas. Agile methods are counter indicated, for example, where there are no body experts, so that only exhaustive study can possibly make known whats truly needed.Most agile methods are, of course, informal, and so get out not incline unaltered in a problem area where formality is one of the requirements hardly enough agile methods arrest been formally documented that for any formal project where exhaustive study is NOT a requirement, there should be precedent for using a (formal) agile method. Non-Agile software development provides a traditional simple way to develop software. It reduces the whole cost as well as time consumed in the development. It is less alter from the type of resources.Management intimacy body (MIS)A focal point information arrangement (MIS) is a process that provides the information which are essential to exercise an judicature professionally. MIS are totally different from regular information bodys in that they a re used to analyze other information remainss applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the collection of information revolve about methods tied to the automation or hold out of mankindity finis reservation. MIS are computer-based agreement of rules that provides autobuss with the tools for organizing, evaluating and efficiently running their departments. In tack to provide past, present and prediction information, an MIS can include software that helps in decision making, info resources much(prenominal) as informationbases, the hardware resources of a system, decision strengthener systems, people give carement and project management maskings, and any computerized processes that enable the department to run efficiently.MIS are intentional for ease of any type of pedigree or organization. Now almost e rattling kind of organization has its own MIS. It is a suite of software practical finishings t hat to tuckerher make it workable for people or bank linees to store, modify, and extract information from a informationbase. on that point are many MIS places in your ein truthday life like in banks, hospitals, hotels colleges and universities have their own management system.MIS are helpful for organizations and institutes. Universities have their own managements systems. There are many departments in a university like examination, admission, registration, administration, hostel, finance. All these are require a veracious and stark(a) management, so for this reason MIS are intentional to manage these departments. Every department has its own MIS which is specifically intentional to handle its operation like data retrieval, computer memory and modification.Whenever the earnings came every organization and institute is try to provide the demote facilities with making their MIS online to satisfy their client. Todays every company and organization is moving on internet an d building database in such a way that provided the better facilities and fundamental action to their clients as compare to past. subroutine subroutine library information system (LIS)LIS are knowing to record and hold in the information related mass of accounts and activities of program program depository program subroutine library. LIS plays unavoidable role in a university library because it provides the information about all types of earmarks in a better organized manner. LIS keeps the track of all the books in a university. It contains records of individually and every book and the genus Phalluss who take ined the book. In other aspects LIS as well as serves as an accounts manager for library. It tracks and images possible fines, takes tuition for component securities and when required provide monetary computation related to library to the university accounts office which manages university financial resources. The LIS is always ready to care data with the u niversity rudimentary accounting system 1.Traditionally manual of arms file away based systems serve as LIS in universities. Registers and note books are used to prevent records for available and borrowed books. A university having multiple departments normally has requirement to maintain a separate point for to each one department and sometimes for each session a department may demand to have a separate register. This builds a large register set which is very voiceless to maintain and is highly error prone. In such scenarios to issue book needs much effort whereas at the corresponding time to matter and report monetary issues, and perform other managerial tasks may sometimes take days or even weeks.The library user share is mainly the scholarly persons and the university cater. subroutine library wags are issued to each of them. When educatees or ply members borrow books from library, the librarian needs to assay for the relevant register and slip in the informatio n of borrower and the borrowed book on relevant page. At the corresponding time he needs to assure that the member should be clear from library issues, the book can be borrowed and it is similarly his responsibility to provide the member with his time to possess the book. Sometimes members are not known to timings or forget to return the book in time even when they indirect request to return it. In manual management of LIS it is not possible to cast to process of warnings for library members when their returning dates are near to come. On the very other status where pupil are staff also looking very rocky to integrate with such system because the most vexatious part of this system for them is the time took on any process, either to borrow book or to search book or most vexing when they need their clearance from the library and it take a day to just get a single signature.The only solution to these drawbacks of manual LIS lies in automation of the library information system by computerizing it and integrating with other management systems of a university. By automation of LIS it means to develop a fully computerized system that serves to enable the pure(a) library operations through computers. Automations have some traditional advantages over manual systems like no paper work required and easy to backup, high consistency of data and it is possible to schedule those tasks which are somewhat impossible in manual systems. Similarly, in context of LIS automation results in ease of library administration, control and tracking processes. The convenience of both librarians and members who use library is increased callable to higher decrease of time. It becomes a matter of minutes to perform managerial tasks and estimating monetary matters and many other issues which are never resolved in manual systems.It all becomes wonderful when automation also occurs in making the system online, because through this the system becomes available for 24 hours 7 days a w eek. It means the educatee has no need to go through so many book racks to find a book and does not need to go to library to reserve a book. He just needs to go there and get his reserved book. He moldiness not be worried to remember the returning date because he knows that he will be sent an alert indicating the return date of the book he has borrowed. So all this becomes more and more commodious with the increased automation in the process of LIS.LIS Automation for university means to develop a fully computerized system that enables the complete library functions through computers. The system provides the basic set of features to add/ modify/ scrub member, add/ modify/ delete books, search for books, and manage check-in / checkout processes. Automated LIS is designed to pertain the needs of libraries both large and small, not only to meet the traditional requirements of a resource centre, but also able to keep track on borrowed books in university. This system is very helpful fo r university staff, student members and librarians because this system is also interact with the bar code subscriber and magnetized card reader. When the student and staff members are registered in university they are issued library cards from library. Through this card they can borrow books from the library. When they enter in library their cards are identified through the magnetic card reader and barcode reader is helpful for them in searching the books.The automation of LIS lessens human efforts in university. The maintenance of the records is do efficient, as all the records are stored in the database, through which data can be update, delete and retrieved easily. It also reduced the chance of frauds and errors because all things are computerized.Existing solutionEXISTING frame ARCHITECTUREThe living LIS in university is completely manual and file based. It contains the records of all books and members of the university so this builds a large register set which is very diff icult to maintain. In this situation to issue book, return book, fine management, catalog management and member registration verification need much effort whereas at the same time to perform other managerial tasks may sometimes take days or even weeks.CDocuments and SettingsATIFADesktopuntitled.JPGFigure 1 Manual Library SystemIn this system, it is also very difficult to control the process of warnings for library members (student and staff) when their returning dates are near to come. bookman and staff members are also faced the problem of book search and borrow. And when they need their clearance from the library, it also takes a day to just get a single signature. In animate manual system all the library members (librarian, staff and students) are faced a lot of difficulties when they are going to issue book, return book, fine management, book catalog management and member registration verification.Issue BookTo issue a book in an existing system is a big matter because when stud ent and staff members borrow books from library, the librarian needs to search for the relevant register and enter the information of borrower and the borrowed book on relevant page. At the same time the book can be borrowed when librarian is assured that the member should be clear from library issues.Return BookTo return a book process is also very irritating and time down as well as the issue book process. Sometimes members are not known to timings or forget to return the book in time even when they want to return it. In this system it is not possible to regulate the process of warnings for library members when their returning dates are near to come because this system is completely manual. pretty ManagementBecause the existing LIS in university is completely manual so the fine management is also a tuff and time eat task. It is very complicated to tracks and calculates possible fines, takes care for member securities and when required provide monetary calculation related to libr ary to the university accounts office which manages university financial resources.Book Catalog ManagementUniversity central library contains the records of all books related to its every department and its LIS is manual so the book catalog management is not easy. When members returned the borrowed books then there is no proper management to see is the book is placed at right spatial relation or not. To add, delete and search the required book is time consuming process because librarian needs to arrange the proper registers for this.Member modificationFiles and registers are used in university for member registration, so that all the student and staff members records are saved on them. When the members information are added, deleted and updated the entries in associated registers are also updated which required a large amount of time. pupil and staff members registration information is also required to LIS to issue the library cards of each of them. Library staff adds all these i nformation in registers to keep the track of members of LIS so this is also required enough time.The complete functions of existing system are shown in figure. It represents the overall functionality of library in university.Proposed System ArchitectureScope of Proposed SystemLibrary System is a library information and knowledge management system. This application is used to support a librarian in managing a book library in university. The system is designed to provide the basic set of to add, delete or update members, add, delete or update books, and search for books processes. The main focus of this system is to reduce human efforts. The maintenance of the records is made efficient, as all the records are stored in the database, through which data can be retrieved easily. Some of the other specific objectives of the Library System are as questMinimum amount of work should be required.Special hardware such as bar code reader and magnetic card reader should be used with this system for security and efficiency.Permanent storage of data should be done easily by using the database instead of the registers.It provides the port wine for librarians to interact with the backend library database.It provides the user interface to add, delete or update in the altogether student and staff member in the database.It also provides the interface to add, delete or update book information in the book database.graphical user interface to search for a book based on user inputs.It provides the interface to check out of books which are issued by student and staff member.It also checks in the books which are returned by student and staff member.Calculate and manage the record for fine.Provide a facility to automatically lead reminders to university members when required.Product PerspectiveThe Library System is developed for the library to help the staff members, students and Librarians to search and borrow books. The system provides information related to books to the members of the library. The Librarian can keep the tracks of books updated all the time so that the student and the staff members get the up to date information all the time.This system is developed to interact with its users like librarian students and staff members of the university. The system has to interact with other systems like Library System, Member enrolment System, Catalog Management System, Accounting System, telecommunicate System, Fine and Reminder Bot System, secure Management System, and Online Client System of university.Software Requirment specificationsIntroductionThe library system provides the information about the books available in the Library. It provides different type of run for its users, such as reserve book, restore book, check items, and check fines and view hold requests in the account. The following requirements specifications and required functions of the Library System are given belowLibrary membersThe Library has university staff and students as its m embers. All members essential be registered with the library and issued with Username and rallying cry for accessing their account in Library System.Book issue and returnWhen a library member login via his account he can issue books. The system restricts the borrow limits as this a staff member can borrow up to 4 books up to 4 weeks and a student can borrow up to 2 books for up to 2 weeks. When a book is borrowed or returned by the library member, the information should be captured in the system and the account of the member should be updated. Only book items can be issued in library, currently journals and magazines should only be read in the library.Fine calculation and send late book remindersThe system is able to calculate fines and send reminders to members automatically. When a return date is neglectful, information about overdue items, overdue days and accumulated fines is sent to the user via email.Adding and deleting booksLibrarian is responsible to maintain the infor mation about catalogues and library members. He can add, update and delete books in database.Querying to find booksThe system provides search functions to library members they can search a book through online catalogue. All book items in library are searched either by ISBN No or Author. traverse generationLibrary system generates reports for the system administration automatically.User characteristicsThe main users of the system are student and staff members, librarian of the university who maintain the system. It is fictional that the members and librarian have the basic knowledge of internet and computers. This system ensures that the system administrator have enough knowledge of the internals of the system such as he is able to correct the small problems like disk crashes and mightiness failure. The proper GUI, users manual, online help and the guide to install and maintain the system must be provided with the system to educate the users.System ConstraintsAll the users informat ion must be stored in a database that is accessible by the library system.The library system is connected to the university emcee and that is available 24 hours.The library system is accessible for the users who have internet connection with their computers in university.The Member Registration System, Catalog Management System, Accounting System, Email System, Fine and Reminder Bot System, Purchase Management System, and Online Client System are connected to the Library System and the database used by these systems must be compatible with the interface of the System.The users login into Library System through their username and password which they are assigned.System Assumptions and DependenciesEnough knowledge of computers should be required.To access the system online in university internet connection should be required.Library system can access the university student database.Microsoft SQL Management studio apartment 2005 to store the database.To developed the product by using ASP.Net and C .Net.RequirementsFor the Online slacken Booking system following features will be provided to the customers related to turn off reservation.Students/ module RequirementsSearch BooksSearch Issue Book by Student/Staff IDSearch Reserve Book by Student/Staff IDGet Fine by Student/StaffGet integrality Fine for Student/StaffAnalysis Models rule ModelsThe Physical design of the system is developed from perspicuous design, which is completely based on logical design 9. It is completely based upon the relationship among the data rather than the storage structures. The systematic organization of data which is used in automated system makes a database different form of record keeping 10. mend design the database for the system, theses facts such as data integration, data sharing, no redundancy and data consistency have been taken care. Physical design consists of Table Design and Specifications.Database Physical SchemaTools and TechnologiesTools and technologies refer to th e text which describes the used and required expert specifications of the designed system. The system is a kind of information system which is targeted to be an n-tier application without losing setting application style. The requirement to be n-tier and also to have a desktop application demands for a technology combination where following areas can be integrated to build up the system.Centralized data sourceInteroperabilityEase of useIntegrityAvailabilityIntegrating with the existing systemRapid developmentAll these areas have their own constraints, some of which make it difficult to introduce them in a single system. While our technology study our team was working to find a solution that can help us in such a situation. In earlier stages we had an idea to provide a client host application where the data source will be centralized host and clients will call that for data function. This idea could have worked if the available time was not very short, so we left this option. La ter we found a better solution to design a network application that provides the required services and we started working upon that but soon our team found a complete solution that had solved our problems. Creating a web application has some constraints which are number 2 and 3 in the above list. These constraints were removed by the virgin solution where we shifted to service oriented architecture and used a communications protocol based approach to provide data to our client application this architecture is named as SOAP Service Oriented Architecture Protocol. decision making finally on our system architecture we decided to use the same database management system, which is used by the university website. This decision was to support to integration of the new product with the old system and for the same reason we had used the web technology used by the website. One of the targets of the system design was to glare the cost for the deployment of the developed system, because it wi ll only add up with the existing system and no changed will be required. On the other face no need to buy or manage or maintain any new waiter. It will just require simple system with required software packages installed and the system will start providing its services. Normally there will be no need to configure the client side application.The coming text will describe the software technologies which were used to design the software with their justification to use them.Server SideServer side was build with following technologiesASP.NETThe reason to use this web technology is already described above. The website for University of Sargodha is designed using ASP.NET and is currently active and working. So to support integration with the existing web application our team decided that we must use the same technology there are using. It is very famous Microsoft technology and is used to build any kind of web solutions from simple personal websites to n-tire enterprise level web applicat ion. In comparison with other similar technologies like PHP and Java Server Pages it focuses on development of tint products rapidly.MSSQL Server 2005MSSQL server is a database management system which is a product of Microsoft. It is very famous with medium scaled data driven business solutions. It supports client server architecture and at the same time it also provides parallel user access to the databases. Such kind of database management system also sounds good for web technologies. In normal practice MYSQL other DBMS is used more frequent on web due to the compatibility of MYSQL with LINUX / UNIX based operating systems. MSSQL is only compatible with Windows based operating systems. Similar is the case with ASP.NET, from the introduction of MSSQL 2005 and ASP.NET both are known to be the best for each other for web technologies.The university website is also using the same combination and that is why we also are using the same technology. electronic network ServicesWeb Servi ces are a technology which is derived to provide a central source not only to provide data but also to receive data. There are many pros when we talk about this technology.Its expandability is transmittable from web. Similar to a website a web service can also have unlimited number of clients, only constrained by the hosting server of the web service. This was the biggest reason to use web services in the designed solution.It does not cause change in the existing architecture of the system, but just add to the existing system. This kind of integration ability was very useful for the designed system.Web service use a protocol named SOAP which uses xml to transfer data to/from the clients of the web service. The global nature of xml enables another option in web services, that they do not restrict their clients to be the one kind of system. Any system, which can generate the kind of xml strategy required for a web service and can receive and interpret the returned xml document from the web service, can call it.Another reason that made us to use the web services was the ease to call them, we called them from our desktop application where they worked just like normal routine calls, and it made it easier to proceed with the same system.Crystal ReportsThis technology refers to generating reports from vast data to support business decision in our system we used crystal reports to generate several(prenominal) reports which are help full in providing the results regarding the library information to higher management. The reason to use this technology was to make it easier to generate reports. We concluded the ease with crystal reports from there automatic database interpretation and retrieving objects from the database schema to design reports. Reports designed in crystal reports are also not very specific to IT their design can be modified by any room decorator so university is not constrained to us for required change by and by the deployment.Client Side.NETThe n ame Dot Net refers to a Microsoft technology example which is intended to design managed and secure applications. The reason we used this framework was the ease and speed of development which is supported by .NET. The application, build on .NET assemblies needs .NET to be installed on the system where the application has to run. Our client application requires pre installation of .NET on the hosting system to run on it. The application was built using .NET 2.0 so at least .NET 2.0 or any newer version can support the application.Visual CIt is a programming lyric poem with is supported by .NET development environments. The reason to choose this language was to focus on the functionality of the system rather than bug fixing.Communication MethodThe server side of the system has to be deployed on a web server with the existing website. So considering this the system uses Ethernet as the communication medium to send and receive data from web services. To call/discover the web services the system uses HTTP protocol to send and receive requests to web services.Browser engine roomWhile developing the web based interface, we have tried to make it well formed on most famous browsers which are IE6, Firefox 3.0 and chromium-plate 1.0. In all of these browsers it has almost similar and well formed look and feel. Another browser is targeted theoretically, which is safari. But this browser is not tested. Regarding to studied problems most of the layout is static which has a complete compatibility in all browsers. No layout uses commanding or relative positioning.System EvaluationintroductionThe library information management system is designed and developed using the client server architecture and is implemented